Roderick. -711. Last Visigoth king of Spain. Defeated by Saracens, killed.

Rodgers, Richard. 1902-79. US musical comedy composer. Oklahoma 1943. South Pacific 1949. Sound of Music 1959. Hart. Hammerstein.

Rodin, Auguste. 1840-1917. French sculptor: Thinker 1879-89. Balzac. Beethoven. Kiss 1886. Burghers of Calais 1884-6. Gates of Hell.

Roebling, John. 1806-69. US civil enginerer. First steel cable suspension bridges. Began Brooklyn Bridge.

Roger II. 1095-1154. Norman count of Sicily 1105-; First king 1130-54. Prosperity, culture.

Rogers, John. 1500-55. English Protestant martyr. Published forerunner of King James Bible.

Rohan, Prince de. 1734-1803. French cardinal duped in Diamond Necklace Affair.

Roland. -778. Count of Brittany. Officer of Charlemagne, immortalized in song by Turold, c1100.

Rolfe, John. 1585-1622. English colonist in Virginia. Married Pocahontas.

Rolland, Romain. 1866-1944. French writer Jean Christophe 1904-46.

Rölvaag, Ole. 1876-1931. Norwegian/US. Wrote of immigrants in Minnesota. Giants in the Earth 1927.

Romains, Jules. 1885-1972. French writer. 27 vol.Men of Good Will 1932-46.

Roman Catholic Church. 30-. Branch of Christianity recognizing Pope as successor to St Peter. East-West Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy. Protestantism.

Roman Empire. 27BC Augustus. 395 Split into Empire of the West and Eastern Roman Empire =Byzantine Empire. Rome.

Romance Languages. European languages deriving from Latin.

Romanesque Architecture. 4-15C. Barrel vault. Plain. Massive piers. Masonry vaulting. Blend of Byzantine and Roman influences. Gothic.

Romanesque Art. 11-12C Powerful imagery, grand conception. Fused Byzantine, Teutonic, Roman.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Romansh. Romance language spoken in Grison Canton of Switzerland. “National” language 1938-.

Romantic. Period of music. c1800-1910. Sought freedom of expression. Instrumental virtuoso. Berlioz. Liszt. Schubert. Schumann.

Romantic Movement. Reaction vs Enlightenment, French cultural domination. Native themes, individuality, subjectivity, self-expression.

Romanticism. 18C Philosophical movement rooted in Pietism. Began in Germany. Spread across Europe in 19C.

Romany. Indo-European language of Gypsies. No written form.

Rome. 753BC Legendary founding by Romulus and Remus. 616BC Etruscan. 509BC Roman Republic. 27BC Roman Empire. 248 Empire of the West. 395 Byzantine Empire. 410 Visigoths sack Rome. 476 Romulus Augustulus deposed. 493 Ostrogoth. 535 Byzantine. 774 Charlemagne’s Empire of the West. 962 Holy Roman Empire. 11C Norman. 12C Hohenstaufen. 1848 Republic. 1849 Papal States. 1870 Italy. 1929 -Vatican.

Rømer, Olaus. 1644-1710. Danish astronomer. Proved finite speed of light 1676.

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