Ngo Dinh Diem. 1901-63. Repressive anti-communist. First President of South Vietnam 1954-. Killed in coup.

Niagara Falls. Discovered 1678 by French priest Louis Hennepin.

Nibelungen. Rich subterranean dwarfs of 12C German epic poem c1200. Basis of Wagner’s Ring.

Nicaea, Empire. 1204-61. Byzantine state reconquered Latin Empire to restore Byzantine Empire.

Nicaragua. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spanish settle. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1826 CAF. 1839 Independent. Sandinistas.

Nicene Creed. 325. Tenets of Christian faith. Interpretation of Trinity, adding filioque led to East-West Schism. Nicaea.

Nicephorus I. -811. Byzantine Emperor 802-. Agreement with Charlemagne led to Empire of the West.

Nicephorus II Phocas. 912-69. Byzantine Emperor 963-. Resurgence of Byzantine power.

Nicholas, St. 4C. Patron Saint of children, sailors, Russia.

Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Nicholas I. 1841-1921. Prince/King of Montenegro 1860-. Opposed union with Serbia. Deposed 1918.

Nicholas II. 1868-1918. Last Russian Czar 1894-. Russo-Japanese War 1904. 1905 Revolution. Duma. Shot during 1917 revolution.

Nicias, Peace. 421BC. Pause in Peloponnesian War.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

Niemöller, Martin. 1892-1984. German theologian. Opposed Nazis.

Nietzche, Friedrich. 1844-1900. German philosopher. Superman doctrine. Survival of fittest. Thus Spake Zarathustra 1883-92. Will to Power influenced Fascists.

Niger. Tuareg. 7C Songhai Empire(W). 10C Berber(E). 16C Bornu Empire(SE). 17C Djerma/ Tuareg. 18C Sokoto kingdom. c1900 «French West Africa 1960 Independent.

Nigeria. c5C BC Nok. c12C Yoruba(SW). 13C Hausa(N)/Kanem-Bornu/Ibo(E). 15C Portugal reach. Slave source. 1851 British colony. 1884 British protectorate. 1960 Independent. 1963 Republic. 1993-98 Abacha military dictatorship. Biafra.

Nightingale, Florence. 1820-1910. English pioneer of nursing in Crimean War. “The lady with the lamp.”

Nijinsky, Vaslaw. 1890-1950. Russian ballet dancer of Diaghilev Company.

Nika Riot. 532. Constantinople. Revolt vs Emperor Justinian. 30,000 executed.

Nike. Greek winged goddess of victory.

Nikolsburg, Treaty. 1621. Austria regained Hungarian crown, Transylvania enlarged.

Nin, Anaïs. 1903-77. US writer. Under a Glass Bell 1944.

Nineteen Propositions. 1642. Parliament’s demands, rejected by Charles I. Civil War.

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