Monaco. 10C BC Phoenicia. 5C BC Phocean. Rome. 9C Saracen. 1191 Genoa. 1297 Grimaldi family. 1524 Spanish protectorate. 1641 French protectorate. 1792 French. 1815 Sardinia.1861 Grimaldi, French protectorate. Will revert to France when no male heir.

Monarchianism. 190-3C. Christian Adoptionist heresy. God and Jesus are one being.

Monasticism. Seeking of spiritual perfection by living apart from society.

Mondrian, Piet. 1872-1944. Dutch neoplastic abstract De Stijl movement painter. Composition with Yellow and Blue 1929. New York City 1943.

Monet, Claude. 1840-1926. Originator of Impressionist open-air painting direct from nature. Impression Sunrise 1872. Nymphéas 1906-26.

Mongol Empire. Asia. Established 1207 by Genghis Khan. Peak included Persia, China, Russia. 1260- Fragmented. Yuan. Golden Horde. Tamerlane.

Mongolia. 13C Empire. 1686 China (Manchu). Outer Mongolia: 1913 Independent. 1921 Communist revolution. 1924 People’s Republic. Inner Mongolia: «China.

Monier. 1823-1906. French inventor of reinforced concrete, 1867.

Monophysitism. 4C- Heretical Christian doctrine. Jesus has single divine nature. Coptics. Monothelitism. Nestorianism. Dualism. Chalcedon.

Monotheism. Religious doctrine holding that there is only one God.

Monothelitism. 622-713. Christian heresy. Jesus had human and divine natures but only divine will. Monophysitism.

Monroe, James. 1758-1831. US President 1817-25. Florida acquired 1819. Missouri Compromise. Monroe Doctrine.

Monroe Doctrine. 1823. No interference by Europe in Western Hemisphere. No US interference in Europe.

Montagnards. 1792-5. French revolutionary extremists led by Robespierre. Terror. Plain.

Montagu-Chelmsford Report. 1919. Basis of India Act.

Montanism. 156-9C. Montanus’ ascetic Christian movement of illuminati expecting the Millenium.

Montcalm, Louis. 1712-59. French general killed defending Quebec against the English. Seven Years War.

Monte di Pietà. 1463. Italian institute to lend money to poor at low interest.

Montecassino. 529. Oldest Benedictine Monastery.

Montenegro. Balkans. 1159 Serbian Empire. 1516 Autonomous, repelling Turk, Serb, Albanian invasions. 1878 Independent. 1910 Kingdom. 1915 Germans occupy. 1918 +Serbia=Yugoslavia. WWII Italy occupies. 1946 Yugoslavia. 1992 +Serbia=Yugoslavia.

Montesquieu, Charles. 1689-1755. French political philosopher. De l’esprit de lois 1748. Idea of separate executive/legislative branches of government adopted in US, France.

Montez, Lola. 1818-61. Irish dancer. Mistress of Louis I of Bavaria. Power resented, leading to March Revolution 1848. Banished.

Montfort, Simon de. c1165-1218. French leader of crusade against Albigenses. Conquered south France.

Montgomery, Bernard. 1887-1976. British Field Marshal. Commanded Allies in France, 1944. Defeated Rommel at El Alamein 1942.

Montgomery, Richard. 1738-75. Irish/US Revolutionary general. Killed attacking Quebec.

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