Marie Antoinette. 1755-93. Daughter of Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa, Queen Consort to Louis XVI. Guillotined for seeking US aid vs French Revolution. -“Let them eat cake”.

Marie de Medici. 1573-1642. Queen consort to Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII. Regent 1610-14. Built Luxembourg Palace. Opposed Richelieu. Banished 1630. Died penniless.

Marinetti, Fillippo. 1876-1944. Italian Fascist author. Founded Futurism 1909.

Maritsa River, Battle. 1371. Ottomans defeat Serbs. Turkey expands in Balkans.

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of. 1650-1722. English general vs Louis XIV in War of Spanish Succession. Blenheim. Malplaquet. Ramillies.

Marlborough Statute. Westminster, Provisions of.

Marmont, Auguste. 1774-1852. French Marshal. Surrendered Paris 1814 causing Napoleon to abdicate.

Marne, Battle. 1914. Paris defence vs Germans. Joffre. 1918 Allied victory is turning point in WWI. Foch.

Married Women’s Property Act. 1882. UK. Abolished women’s property passing automatically to husband on marriage.

Marryat, Frederick. 1792-1848. English adventure writer of energetic seafaring stories. Midshipman Easy 1836.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marston Moor, Battle. 1644. English Civil War turning point. Cromwell defeats Rupert.

Martello Towers. 1804. Swiss designed defensive towers on English coast against Napoleon.

Martí, José. 1853-95. Led Cuban war vs Spain.

Martin, St. c316-97. Bishop of Tours. Introduced monasticism to France. French patron saint.

Martin I, St. Pope 649-55. Convoked Lateran Council to debate Monothelitism.

Martin V. 1368-1431. Pope 1417-. Election ended Great Schism.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Mary. Virgin mother of Jesus. Free from Original Sin. Most important Roman Catholic saint.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Masaccio, Tomaso. 1401-28. Florentine fresco painter. Introduced Humanism-man vs God central theme, proportion, perspective. Baptism of Peasants 1427.

Maskeyline, Nevil. 1732-1811. English astronomer. Longitude from moon position 1763. Nautical Almanac 1766.

Mason-Dixon Line. 1763-7. MD-PA border named for its 2 surveyors. 1820- Separated slave/free states.

Massachussets Bay Co. 1620-84. English charter company established Theocracy in Mass. Charter annulled 1684. Plymouth Colony.

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