Joffre, Joseph. 1852-1931. French marshal. Won at Marne 1914. French Commander-in-Chief 1914-16.

Johanan ben Zakkai. 1C Pharisee. Founder of Jabne Academy, 70. Foundations of Rabbinic and Talmudic Judaism.

John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

John. The Fearless. 1371-1419. Duke of Burgundy 1404-. War vs Armagnacs.1407 conquered Paris, won crown. Assassinated by Armagnacs during negotiations.

John I. 925-976. Byzantine Emperor 969-. Extended Empire to Balkans, Syria.

John I. 1350-95. King of Aragon 1387-95.

John II. The Good. 1319-64. King of France 1350.- Hundred Years War. Captured at Poitiers, ransomed for 3M écus. Annexes SW France.

John II. The Perfect. 1455-95. King of Portugal 1481-. Sponsored Diaz.

John III. 1629-96. King of Poland 1674-. “Champion of Christendom” saved Vienna from Turks 1683.

John III. The Fortunate. 1502-57. King of Portugal 1521-. Instituted Inquisition.

John V. 1332-91. Byzantine Empire 1341~91. Tried to unite East-West Schism to fight Turks.

John V. 1689-1750. King of Portual 1706-. Peace with France and Spain.

John VI. 1769-1826. King of Portugal 1816-. Brazil independence.

John VIII. -882. Pope 872-. Paid Saracens for protection. Slavs allowed liturgy in Slavic.

John Birch Society. 1958-. Right-wing US anti-Communist movement. Birch.

John of Brienne. 1148-1237. French. Led 5th Crusade. King of Jerusalem 1210-25.

John Paul II. 1920-. Poland. Authoritarian conservative pope 1978-. Wounded 1981 by Islamic fanatic. Most trips. More canonization than previous popes combined.

Johns, Jasper. 1930-. US Pop artist. Painted Bronze 1960 (2 beer cans).

Johnson, Andrew. 1808-75. US President 1865-9. Reconstruction. Civil Rights Act 1866. Barely acquitted in impeachment trial.

Johnson, Pauline. 1861-1913. Canadian Nationalist métis poet. The song my paddle sings.

Joinville, Jean de. 1224-1317. French chronicler, advised St Louis. Histoire 1309.

Jolson, Al. 1886-1950. US Vaudeville and Broadway performer. First talking film: The Jazz Singer 1927.

Jonah. Hebrew prophet who spent three days in the stomach of a whale.

Jones, Inigo. 1573-1652. English architect who introduced Palladian style. Greenwich House 1616. Whitehall Banquet Hall 1619.

Jonestown Massacre. 1978. 913 followers of US cult leader James Jones commit suicide in Guyana.

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