ANZUS, Pact. 1951. Australia, NZ, US mutual defence in Pacific.

Apartheid. 1948-1994. Racial segregation in South Africa.

Apelles. 4C BC. Greek painter. No surviving works.

Apollinaire, Guillaume. 1880-1918. Italian/French avant-garde poet, coined term Surrealism to describe Chagall work.

Apollinarianism. 4C Christian heresy. Jesus not truly human because of his divine nature.

Apollo Program. 1961-72. US moon mission. Apollo 11 landing 1969.

Apollodorus. 5C BC. Athenian painter. Shading. No surviving work.

Appeasement Policy. 1937-9. British yield to Nazi demands in hope of maintaining peace. Munich Agreement. Gentleman’s Agreement.

Appert, Nicolas. c1752-1841. French inventor of preservation by canning.

Appian Way. 312BC. Appius Claudius’ road from Rome to Brindisi.

Appleseed, Johnny. (Chapman). 1774-1845. US nurseryman. Gave seedlings to pioneers.

April Theses. 1917. Lenin’s plan for Soviet takeover of state power from provisional government.

Aquinas, St Thomas. Thomas Aquinas, St.

Aquitaine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Visigoth. 507 Franks. 700 Independent. 1137 French. 1152 English 1453 French.

Arab-Israeli Wars. 1948-9. Palestinians flee to Arab countries. 1956. Israel captures Sinai, UN takes over. 1967. Six Day War. Israel defeats Egypt, Syria, Jordan, gains Jerusalem, Sinai, Golan,... 1973. Egypt, Syria attack = October War.

Arab League. 1945. Non-aggression and cooperation treaty of Arab states. Collective Treaty of Defence, 1950, to defend against Israeli aggression.

Arabesque. Style characterized by entwined vines, leaves.

Arabia. Semite. 6C BC Chaldean. c106BC Rome. 622 Caliphate Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17C Persia (E). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAR, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain.

Arachne. Lydian weaver, changed into a spider.

Arafat, Yasir. 1929-2004. Arab Fatah PLO leader. President of Palestinian Authority 1996-.

Aragon. 2C BC Rome. 711 Moors. 1035 Independent kingdom. 1076 +Navarre. 1134 -Navarre. 1137 +Catalonia. 1238 +Valencia. 13C +Balearics, Murcia. 1479 +Castile =Spain. Ferdinand.

Aranjuez, Revolt. 1808. Forced abdication of Charles IV (Spain) and dismissed Prime Minister.

Ararat, Mount. Noah’s Ark landing place. 9-7C BC.

Araucanian Wars. 1530-1870. Chile, Argentina. Natives forced onto reservations.

Arawak. Natives of NE SA, Antilles. Now extinct in W Indies.

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