Gordon, Charles. 1833-85. British colonial administrator in Sudan, China. Taiping Rebellion.

Gorgias. c400BC. Sophist. “Making the losing cause the winning one.”

Gotham. English villagers, to avoid expense of entertaining King John, pretended to be fools.

Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Gothic Art. 13C-. Church sculpture, illuminated manuscripts. Less idealized than Classical. Emotions portrayed.

Goths. Germanic people of S Scandinavia. Invaded Europe, 3-4C. Visigoths and Ostrogoths.

Gottwald, Klement. 1896-1953. Czech Communist President 1948-. Overthrew Beneš in coup.

Goujon, Jean. 1510-68. French sculptor. Fontaine des Innocents 1548/9.

Government of India Act. 1858. India Act.

Goya, Francisco. 1746-1828. Spanish painter and engraver of macabre. Horrors of War 1811.

Gracchus, Tiberius. c163-133BC. Roman tribune 133, reformer. Killed in riot. Scipio.

Gramme, Zénobe. 1826-1901. Belgian inventor of the dynamo 1869.

Gran Colombia. 1819-30. Bolivar’s independent republic of former Spanish colonies. Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador. New Granada.

Granada. 745-1492 Moors. Last Moslem kingdom in Spain. Alhambra.

Granadine Confederation. 1858-63. = Colombia.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Grand Canal. 4C BC-1400. China. World’s longest, 1,000 miles.

Grand Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition in Paris.

Grande Armée. 1805-12. Napoleon’s 1,000,000 man army; combined smaller armies for central control.

Grande Gallery of Louvre. Longest gallery in the world, 300m.

Grands-Augustins, Quai de. 1313. Oldest quay in Paris, by Philip the Fair.

Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-85. Commander-in-Chief Union army 1864-5 in US Civil War. President 1869-77.

Grass, Günter. 1927-. German writer. Tin Drum 1959.

Grattan, Henry. 1746-1820. Irish independence leader. Irish Parliament 1782. Poyning’s Law repeal movement.

Gravelines, Battle. 1558. Spanish defeat French.

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