Franciscans. 1209. Religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi. Missionary and educational work. Includes Capuchins, Conventuals, Observants, Zealots.

Franco-Prussian War. 1870-1. Unified Germany dominated by Prussia, wins Alsace-Lorraine. Commune. Ems Dispatch.

Franconia. 843-. Nucleus of E Frankish kingdom. Duke = First elected German king Conrad I.

Frank, Anne. 1929-45. German Jew in Amsterdam. 2 yrs in hiding from Nazis. Diary 1947.

Frankfurt, Treaty. 1871. Ended Franco-Prussian War. France paid indemnity, gave up Alsace-Lorraine.

Frankish Kingdom, East. 843. Division of Carolingian Empire. ≈modern Germany.

Frankish Kingdom, West. 843. Division of Carolingian Empire. ≈modern France. Franks.

Franklin, Benjamin. 1706-90. US author, scientist, revolutionary leader. Poor Richard’s Almanac 1732-57. Franklin Stove 1744. Lightning rod 1752. Bifocals 1784.

Franklin, John. 1786-1847. English explorer. Sought NW Pasage 1819-22.

Franks. Germanic tribes invaded France, 3-5C. Clovis. Frankish.

Fraunhofer, Joseph von. 1787-1826. German. Mapped spectral lines 1814-.

Frederick I. 1657-1713. Creator and first king of Prussia, 1701.

Frederick II. 1194-1250. Holy Roman Emperor. 1220-. King of Sicily 1198-. King of Jerusalem 1229-. Patron of arts, education.

Frederick II. The Great. 1712-86. Powerful Prussian king. Siezed Silesia from Austria. Patron of Arts. Liberal internal reforms.

Frederick III. 1609-70. King of Norway and Denmark, 1648-. Lost much of territory to Sweden.

Frederick IV. 1671-1730. King of Norway and Denmark, 1699-. Abolished serfdom. Educational system.

Frederick VI. 1769-1839. King of Norway and Denmark, 1808-. Sided with Napoleon. Lost Norway to Sweden.

Frederick VII. 1808-63. Danish king 1848-. Formed Constitutional Monarchy.

Frederick IX. 1899-1972. Danish king 1947-. Imprisoned by Nazis, 43-45.

Fredrikshamn, Peace. 1809. Sweden cedes Finland to Russia.

Free Enterprise. Capitalist economic doctrine of a market free from government control.

Free Trade. International commerce free from duties, government restriction or discrimination. Smith.

Free Will. Philosophies which allow that man can more or less determine his own destiny. Fatalism.

Freedmen. Released slaves in Rome, Athens, US South.

Freedmen’s Bureau. 1865-72. US agency to help freed slaves during Reconstruction.

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