Aljubarrota, Battle. 1385. Confirmed Portugal’s independence from Castile.

Allen, Ethan. 1738-89. Led Green Mountain Boys in American Revolution. Failed to take Montreal, 1775.

Alliance for Progress. 1961. Coordination of Latin American economies, resistance to communism.

Allobroges. Celts who inhabited SE France; conq by Rome 121BC.

Almohads. 1130-1269. Berber dynasty in Morocco and Spain. Ibn Tumart.

Almoravids. 1055-1147. Berber dynasty in Morocco and Spain. Yusuf ibn Tashufin.

Alp-Arslan. c1030-72. Seljuk Sultan. Defeated Byzantines. Turks dominate Asia Minor.

Alphabet. 1500BC. Semitic invention developed through mnemonic, pictorial, ideographic, and phonetic stages.

Alphonsine Tables. 1252. Incorrect astronomical data on planets, based on geocentric system.

Alpini, Prospero. 1553-1616. Italian physician. Introduced coffee and bananas to Europe.

Alsace-Lorraine. Iron rich region along Rhine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Alemanni. 496 Franks. 870 German. 1648(A)/1766(L) French 1871 Prussia. 1919 France 1940 Germany. 1945 France.

Altdorfer, Albrecht. c1480-1538. German founder landscape painting.

Althing. 930~. Icelandic parliament. World’s oldest.

Alto Adige. German speaking Tyrol area of Italy 1919-. Granted semi-independence, 1971.

Altranstadt, Peace. 1706 Sweden-Poland: Augustus renounces Polish throne. 1707 Sweden-HRE: HRE buys Swedish neutrality in War of Spanish Succession. 1714 Louis XIV-Charles VI.

Alvarez, Luis. 1911-88. US physicist. Linear accelerator, bubble chamber.

Alvarez Quintero, Joaquin. 1873-1944, + Serafin 1871-1938. Spanish playwrights.

Amana Colonies. 1855. Successful Pietist communes in Iowa.

Amanollah Khan. 1892-1960. Amir of Afghanistan 1919-29. Won independence from Britain, 1919.

Amati. 16-17C. Italian family of violin makers-taught Stradivari.

Amboina Massacre. 1623. 20 British and Japanese merchants executed by Dutch for plotting overthrow.

Amboise Conspiracy. 1560. Failed Huguenot plot to kidnap French king. Led to massacre of 1200 Huguenots.

Ambrose, St. c340-397. Bishop of Milan. Introduced Plainsong (chant) into church music.

America. Term coined 1507 by Waldseemüller after Amerigo Vespucci.

American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU. 1920-. US legal action group supporting civil rights.

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