Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cumberland, Richard. 1631-1718. Philosopher, “father” of English Utilitarianism.

Cycladic Civilization. Paralleled Minoan and Mycenaean.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Dagon. Semite/Philistine fertility god.

Danton, Georges. 1759-94. French Cordelier, Jacobin. Girondin leader 1792-3. Defeated foreign interveners. Executed by Robespierre.

David. King of Isreal 1015-c962BC. Killed Goliath, defeated Philistines. Conquered Jerusalem. United Israel. Author of psalms.

Delorme, Philibert. c1510-70. French Classical architect. Tuileries Palace 1564. Old Paris Hôtel de Ville.

Democritus. c460-c370BC. Greek philosopher. Atomic theory of matter. Separate mind. Man’s goal is happiness and tranquility.

Demosthenes. 384-322BC. Greek orator and politician. Opposed Philip of Macedon. Philippics. Led unsuccessful revolt. Suicide.

Denfert-Rochereau, Philippe. 1823-78. French Colonel in war of 1870.

Deng Xiaoping. 1902-97. Chinese Communist leader 1973~. Purged by Mao, rehabilitated. Tiananmen.

Döllinger, Johann von. 1799-1890. German theologian. Opposed Papal infallibility. Excommunicated.

Doumergue, Gaston. 1863-1937. French Prime Minister 1910-11, President 1924-31. Instability.

Durant, Will. 1885-1981, Ariel 1898-1981. US historians. Story of Civilization.

Dutra, Enrico. 1885-1974. Brazilian President 1946-51. Restored democracy.

East-West Schism. 1054. Separation of Roman and Eastern Catholic churches over filioque.

Eastern Question. 19-20C. Instability caused by decline of Turkish rule led to Crimean War and WWI.

École Militaire. 1752. French Royal Military Academy. Gabriel.

Egeria. Roman goddess who advised Numa Pompilius.

Ehrenburg, Ilia. 1891-1967. Soviet writer.

Ehrlich, Paul. 1854-1915. German bacteriologist. Salvarsan syphilis treatment, 1909. Idea of specific drugs as “magic bullets”.

Escurial. 1557. Spanish monastery near Madrid built by Philip II to commemorate St-Quentin victory.

Esma’il I. 1487-1524. Shah of Iran 1501-. Converted Iran Sunni to Shi’ah.

Existentialism. Philosophy. Existence is concrete. Man has choice. Responsibility, freedom. Anti-conformism. Kierkegaard. Sartre. Heidegger.

323 more results ...