Cabiri. Phrygian, later Greek fertility cult gods: Demeter, Hermes, Persephone.

Calvinism. New concept of work. Diligence, frugality, beyond satisfaction of material needs. Predestination. Strict Rectitude. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Remonstrants.

Canopus, Decree. 238BC. Trilingual text. Key to hieroglyphics found 1866.

Carnot, Sadi. 1796-1832. French discoverer of reversibility of heat and work.

Catiline. 109-62BC. Roman patrician who conspired against Cicero and the Senate.

Caudillo. Latin US term for military-backed leader.

Cavaliere, Emilio del. c1550-1602. Added arias and choral movements to cantatas. Early dramatic music.

Cecilia, St. 2-3C. Patron saint of music.

Chaeronea, Battle. 338BC. Philip of Macedon defeats Greek city-states.

Chagall, Marc. 1887-1985. Russian/French painter of biblical scenes. Stained glass. Ceiling, Paris Opera 1964.

Chambord, Count de. 1820-83. Claimed French throne; inflexibility led to failure of Bourbon restoration negotiations 1874.

Champ-de-Mars. Garden under the Eiffel Tower. Originally Gabriel’s parade ground for École Militaire.

Chandler, Raymond. 1888-1959. US novelist. Big Sleep 1939. Detective Philip Marlow.

Charter to the Nobility. 1785. Rights and prerogatives of Russian nobility.

Chopin, Fréderic. 1810-49. Polish/French composer of emotional expressiveness and pianist of great technical ability. Sand.

Comic Opera. 18C revolt vs serious opera. Light style, familiar scenes. Italy: opera buffa; Fr: opéra comique; Eng: ballad opera; Ger: singspiel. Orig as intermezzo for opera.

Committee of Public Safety. 1793-5. Ruled France. Robespierre’s reign of Terror.

Conciliarism. 12C-. General Council has greater power than pope. Popular during Great Schism.

Condorcet, Marquis de. 1743-94. French philosopher. Perfectibility of mankind.

Conscription. 1793. Carnot devised first compulsory military service for France. Used in Egypt’s Old Kingdom.

Consulate. 1799-1804. Napoleon’s military triumvirate after Directory overthrown.

Corpus Juris Civilis. Developed 529-35. Roman legal code. Influenced European legal systems.

Couthon, Georges. 1755-94. French aide to Robespierre. Guillotined.

Crédit Mobilier of America. 1865-72. Scandal involving illegal profits, graft in Union Pacific Railroad construction.

Crete. c6100BC Knossos civilization. 3500BC Minoan. 1100BC Greek 67BC Rome. 826 Saracen. 960 Byzantine. 1205 Venice. 1669 Ottoman. 1912 Greece. 1941-45 Germany occupies.

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