Scutage. -14C. Payment by vassal to Lord in lieu of military service.

Seven Hills of Rome. Palatine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, Aventine.

Sheridan, Philip. 1831-88. Union general, captured Shenandoah, forced Lee’s surrender.

Shogun. Japanese military leaders. 794 Otomaro. 1192-1867 Ruled Japan.

Sicilian Vespers. 1282. Aragon-inspired massacre of French in Sicily. Aragon takes control.

Sicily. c1100BC Sicans. Sicels. Mycenaean. 7C BC Phoenicia(W)/ Gr(E). 241BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 6C Byzantine. 827 Saracen. 1072 Norman. 1130 +Naples. 1197 Hohenstaufen. 1266-82 France. 1302 Aragon. 1443 +Naples=Two Sicilies. 1860 Italy.

Sidney, Philip. 1554-86. English poet. Arcadia 1580. Defence of Poesie 1585.

Signac, Paul. 1863-1935. French Neo-Impressionist Pointilist painter. Seurat.

Sistine Chapel. 1473. Vatican. Walls by Botticelli, Ghirlandaio; ceiling by Michelangelo 1508-12. Last Judgement 1534-41.

Sousa, John Philip. 1854-1932. US march composer.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Spanish American War. 1898. US supports Cuban rebellion vs Spain. Gains Cuba, Guam, Philippines for $20M, Puerto Rico. Roosevelt. Maine.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Spanish Revolt. 1868-9.Military overthrows Isabella. Prim y Prats.

Spanish Succession, War. 1701-14. Britain, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs Spain, France. Opposed French Philip V succession to Spanish throne creating power imbalance. Queen Anne’s War.

Spencer, Herbert. 1820-1903. English evolutionist philosopher. “Survival of the fittest.” Associationism. Anti-socialism, “Best government is the least government.” The Synthetic Philosophy 1860-96. Liberal Utilitarianism.

Spener, Philipp. 1635-1705. German founder of Pietism.

Sprengel, Christian. 1750-1816. Plant fertilization.

St-Denis Basilica. 1137-44. Romanesque-Gothic transformation point. Burial place of French kings. Suger.

St Peter’s. 1506-1615. Vatican Basilica. World’s largest. Tomb of St Peter. Bramante. Michelangelo. Raphael. Model for many government buildings.

St-Quentin, Battle. 1557. Philip II of Spain beseiges + seizes French town.

Stasi.1949-1990. East German secret police affiliated with KGB.

States General. French Representative Assembly. 1302 First summoned by Philip IV. 14-15C Controlled taxes; failed to control government. 1789 last summoned by Louis XVI. 1=Clergy. 2=Nobility. 3=Bourgeoisie.

Stepniak, S. 1852-95. Russian Nihilist writer. Assassinated czar’s police chief. -“Life for life”.

Stilicho , Flavius. c365-408. Roman general. Repulsed Goths, Vandals.

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