Liu Shao-ch’i. 1898-1969. Chinese head of state 1959-. Denounced 1966,8. Rehabilitated 1980.

López de Legazpi, Miguel. -1572. Spanish explorer. Conquered Philippines, 1564.

Louis XV. 1710-74. French King 1715-. Incompetence led to lost prestige, French Revolution. Philippe, duc d’Orléans.

Louis-Philippe. 1773-1850. French King 1830-48. 1790 Jacobin liberal who became absolutist monarch. Supported by bourgeoisie, defeated by workers in Revolt.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Lycurgus. 9C BC. Totalitarian Spartan reformer. Created militaristic society.

Macedonia. Greek tribes. 700BC united. 490 Persia. 479 Independent. 359 Philip. 336 Empire. Alexander. 168BC Rome...395 Byzantine Empire 6C Slav. 9C Bulgar. 11C Byzantine. 14C Ottoman. 1878 Independent. 1879 Ottoman. 1913 Greece/ Bulgaria/ Serbia. 1929 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Machado de Assis, Joaquim. 1839-1908. Brazilian writer. Small Winner 1881.

Mafia. Cosa Nostra. 13C-. Sicilian crime organization.

Malcolm X. 1925-65. US militant Black Muslim leader. Assassinated.

Mandaeanism. Persian Gnostic sect revering John the Baptist. Fertility worship.

Manfred. 1232-66. Sicilian king 1258-. Opposed papal authority.

Manila Bay, Battle. 1898. US defeats Spain, wins Philippines.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Marcos, Ferdinand. 1917-89. Autocratic Philippine president 1965-86.

Marie Thérèse. 1638-83. Queen Consort to Louis XIV. Daughter of Philip IV. Unpaid dowry caused War of Devolution.

Mariotte, Edme. 1620-84. French physicist. Law of compressibility of gases 1676, =Boyle’s Law.

Marseillaise. French national anthem, by Rouget de Lisle, 1792. Named for volunteer militia who adopted song on march to Paris.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marsilius of Padua. c1282-1343. Italian political philosopher. -“political power comes from the people”.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mary of Burgundy. 1457-82. Duchess. Marriage to Maximilian I gave Netherlands to Hapsburgs.

Maurice of Nassau. 1567-1625. Prince of Orange 1618-. Dutch military leader. Fought Spanish 1590s.

Maximilian. 1832-67. Austrian archduke, Emperor of Mexico 1864-7. Francis-Joseph’s brother.

Maximilian I. 1459-1519. HRE 1493-. Expanded Hapsburg empire by marriage and conquest. Italian Wars.

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