Carmelite. 1156- Mendicant friars. 1452- Nuns. 1562 vow of silence.

Carrera, José. 1785-1821. Chilean rebel leader, First President 1811-14.

Carrhae, Battle. 53BC. Failed Roman invasion of Parthia. Crassus killed. End of first triumvirate.

Carson, Rachel. 1907-64. US biologist: The Silent Spring 1962.

Castile. 1029 Split off León 1230 + León. 1479 + Aragon. 1512 + Navarre = Spain.

Catherine de Medici. 1519-89. Wife of Henry II, mother of 3 French kings, built Tuileries Palace. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

Chaillot Palace. By Carlu, Boileau, Azéma. Completed 1937.

Chaplin, Charlie. 1889-1977. English silent film actor. First international film star: The Kid 1921. Modern Times 1936. Little Tramp.

Charlie, Bonnie Prince. 1720-88. Scottish Stuart pretender to the English throne. Unsuccessful revolt 1745. Exiled.

Chile. Inca/Araucanian. 1520 Magellan discovers. 1540 Spain. 1818 Independent. 1884 +War of Pacific. O’Higgins. Pinochet.

CIA. Central Intelligence Agency. 1947-. US information gathering agency. Replaced OSS. National Security Act. Activities: 1953 Iran. 1954 Guatemala. 1967 Guevara. 1973 Chile. 1976 Nigeria.

Cistercians. 1098-. RC monastic order. Rigorous rule. Trappist vows of silence 1664.

Citroën, André. 1878-1935. French Industrialist, automobile company.

Clarendon Code. 1661-5. Suppressed religious dissent in England. Five Mile Act.

Cod War. 1972-6. Britain upset at Iceland’s unilateral expansion of fishing limits to 50 miles.

Concentration Camps. 1862-65 USA. 1899-1902. British internment of Boers in South Africa. 1922-91. USSR. 1933-45 Nazi prisons for extermination and slave labour. Buchenwald. Auschwitz. Dachau. 1942-6 US Relocation Centers. 1942-46 Canada. 1950’s Kenya. 1973 Chile.

Cook, James. 1728-79. English explorer. Sailed to Tahiti to see transit of Venus, 1768. Charted New Zealand 1769. Claimed Australia 1770.

Copernicus, Nicolaus. 1473-1543. Polish astronomer, who demonstrated planetary motion around sun 1528. De Revolutionibus. Aristarchus. Galileo.

Coué, Émile. 1857-1926. French Positivist psychotherapist. Autosuggestion. “Every day and in every way I am getting better and better.” 1920.

Coverdale, Miles. 1488-1569. English religious reformer, psalm + bible translator.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Cuban Missile Crisis. 1962. Kennedy blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet missile installation.

Cunaxa, Battle. 401BC. Failed revolt vs Artaxerxes II. Retreat of the Ten Thousand.

Daigo II. 1287-1339. Japanese Emperor 1318-. Failed to ovethrow Shogunate. Exiled.

Dail Eireann. 1919. Irish national parliament.

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