Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Sacred Wars. 6-4C BC. Greek city-states, for control of of shrine at Delphi.

Saladin. 1138-93. Egyptian sultan 1169-. Took Jerusalem, 1187, inciting Third Crusade. Began Ayyubid Dynasty.

Salic Law. 6C penal code issued by Clovis. Incorrectly cited 14-19C to limit royal succession to males; Spain by Philip V, 1713. Victoria. Isabella II.

Scaevola, Quintus. -82BC. Roman consul. Law limiting citizenship led to Social War.

Sicyon. 4C BC Ancient Greek city known for artists.

Singapore. 13-14C Malay city. 1377 Javanese destroy. 1819 Raffles refounds. 1867 «Straits Settlements. 1942-45 Japanese occupy. 1946 British Crown Colony. 1963 Federation of Malaysia. 1965 Independent republic.

Smyrna. =Izmir. 3000BC Greek city in Turkey. 600BC Lydian. 4C Greek 1425 Ottoman. 1920-2. Greeks occupy, massacre.

Social War. 90-89BC. Tribal rebellion. Rome grants citizenship to all allies.

Socialism, Utopian. Saint-Simon’s concept of government redistributing wealth according to capacity and performance.

Sodom. c1900BC. Biblical city destroyed for wickedness. Gomorrah.

Solon. 630-560BC. Athenian democratic lawgiver, poet. Equality of all citizens before the law. Trial by jury. -“Call no man happy until he is dead.”

Sparta. 9C BC-396. A dominant Greek city-state 6-4C BC. Peloponnesian War defeated rival Athens. 396 Visigoths destroy.

Stoicism. 4C BC. Ideal life of restraint, duty, ignoring passions, desires. Mind is a finer subdivision of matter. There are universal natural laws. Founded by Zeno.

Swabian League, Great. 1488-1534. 22 cities, nobles and local leagues in southern Germany form protective alliance.

Sybaris. 720-510BC. Wealthy decadent Greek city in Italy. Rebuilt twice.

Syracuse, Battle. 480BC Carthage repelled. 415-413BC Critical Athenian defeat in Peloponnesian War. 396, 392 Carthage defeated. 382-75 Defeated by Carthage. 214-211 BC Rome conquers, sacks city.

Tacitus, Gaius. 55-120. Roman consul, historian: Historiae c109. Annals c116.

Tenochtitlan. 1325-1521 Aztec capital, on site of Mexico City.

Teotihuacan. c400BC-900 AD. Largest pre-Columbian city of central Mexico. Sacked by Toltecs.

Tesla, Nikola. 1856-1943. Croatian/US physicist: high voltage electricity. Rotating magnetic field.

Tet Offensive. 1968. Giap-led Vietcong attack 100 South Vietnamese cities, proof of strength creates US disenchantment with war.

Thales. c624-546BC. Greek philosopher/scientist. Predicted eclipse, 585. First to enunciate the existence of natural laws of science. Water as basis of all matter. Critical discussion leads to knowledge. Static electricity.

Thebes. 1500-335BC Boeotian Greek city razed by Alexander the Great. Oedipus.

Tissaphernes. -395BC. Persian satrap. Allied with Sparta. Reconquered Greek cities in Asia Minor.

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