Meshed. Iranian city of Moslem pilgrimmage.

M’Naghten Rule. 1843. US legal test of capacity to determine right from wrong.

Mondrian, Piet. 1872-1944. Dutch neoplastic abstract De Stijl movement painter. Composition with Yellow and Blue 1929. New York City 1943.

Mormons. 1830-. Latter Day Saints. Christian sect founded by Joseph Smith after divine revelation. Settled Utah. Founded Salt Lake City 1847.

Mumford, Lewis. 1895-1990. US social critic. Must restore human moral values. The City in History 1961.

Nagasaki. Japanese city destroyed by 2nd A-bomb, Aug 9, 1945.

Nationalization. Siezing of private enterprises by government with or without compensation. 1946-9 England: Banks, Railways, Mines, Steel, Electricity, Gas. 1946-9 France: Coal, Electricity, Gas, Transport. 1918 Russia: Banks, Insurance, Industry. 1951 Iran: Oil.

Neoclassical. 17-18C. French-originated revival of classical order of arts, architecture. Order, balance, simplicity. Poussin. David. Molière. Adam. 1920-. Music based on 18C style + popular taste. Milhaud. Stravinsky. Les Six.

New York City. 1609 Hudson discovers. 1624 Dutch New Amsterdam. 1626 Manhattan Purchase. 1664 English. 1785-90 US capital.

Nicaea. 4C BC Greco-Turkish city. Now Izmik.

Nicholas of Cusa. 1401-64. German. Proposed heliocentricity, calendar reform 1429. De Docta Ignorantia 1440. “A learned man is one who is aware of his own ignorance.”

Novgorod. <859. One of oldest Russian cities.

Nuremberg Laws. 1935. German Jews lose citizenship and rights.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Oil. Ancient language of N. France. Occitan.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Orléans, Louis Philippe, duc d’. 1747-93. Became Citizen Égalité 1892. Joined Third Estate. Father of King Louis-Philippe.

Palmyra. 19C BC. Syrian city “founded by Solomon”. 3C AD + Syria, Egypt. 273 Rome destroys.

Persian Wars. 490-479BC. Greek city-states repel Persian invasion.

Phocaea. Ionian city. Settled Anatolia 10C BC. Colonized Dardanelles, Mediterranean, Black Sea.

Plebeians. -287BC. Roman common citizens. Patricians.

Prior, Matthew. 1664-1721. English epigrammist/poet: City Mouse and the Country Mouse.

Provençale. Southern French dialect of Occitan. Mistral.

P’u-i, Henry. 1906-67. Last Chinese Emperor. 1908-12. Japanese puppet Emperor of Manchukuo 1934-45. Interned by Soviets in Siberia 1945-50. Reeducated by Communist Chinese. Pardoned 1959. Mechanic. From Emperor to Citizen 1980.

Rapallo Treaty. 1920. Italy,Yugoslavia establish free city of Rijeka, settle borders. 1922 Normalized relations of Germany, USSR. Cancelled war indemnities.

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