O’Neill, Hugh. c1540-1616. Irish. Led failed revolt vs English rule.

Op art. 20C style incorporating optical illusion of movement. Vasarely. Riley.

Oregon Trail. 1840-70. 2,000 mile route from Missouri to Oregon.

Orléans, Gaston, duc d’. 1608-60. French prince vs Richelieu. Exiled 1632-2. Led Fronde.

Ostracism. Athenian 10 year exile for disrupting stability.

Pacific, War of. 1879-84. Chile wins land from Peru, Bolivia’s coastline.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Parnassians. 1867-99. French detached anti-Romantic poetry school. Leconte de Lisle. Sully-Prudhomme. Verlaine. Gautier. Baudelaire.

Parry, William. 1790-1855. English arctic explorer. Failed to find NW Passage.

Patricians. -287BC. Roman upper class. Plebeians. Nobiles.

Paul IV. Pope 1555-9. Curtailed corruption. Roman Inquisition. Created Jewish ghetto in Rome 1555.

Paul of Aegina. c625-90. Alexandrian physician. Compiled medical knowledge to date. 7 vol Epitome.

Pazzi Conspiracy. 1478. Failed attempt to depose Medicis in Florence.

Peasants’ Crusade. 1096. Led by Walter the Penniless. Annihilated in Anatolia. Inspired First Crusade.

Peninsular Campaign. 1862. Failed Union attempt to take Richmond in American Civil War.

Percy, Thomas. 1528-72. Failed attempt 1569 to rescue Mary Stuart, replace Elizabeth.

Peter II. 1923-70. King of Yugoslavia 1934-45. Deposed in exile by Tito.

Philip I. The Handsome. 1478-1506. King of Castile 1504-. Established Spanish Hapsburg line by marrying daughter of Ferdinand II.

Philo. c20BC-50. Alexandrian Jew. Reconciled Jewish faith with Greek reason.

Phrynichus. c512-476BC. Athenian playwright. First women characters. Capture of Miletus 494BC.

Pickford, Mary. 1893-1979. Canadian/US silent film actress.

Pilgrim Fathers. 1620. English religious Separatists who sailed on Mayflower to avoid persecution.

Pinkerton, Allan. 1819-84. Scottish/US founder first US detective agency 1850. Foiled plot vs Lincoln 1861.

Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto. 1915-. Chilean President 1973-90. Coup vs Allende. Brutal dictatorship, torture and disappearances. Charged 1998.

Pisa, Council. 1409. Elected Alexander V as third pope in failed attempt to end Great Schism.

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