Methuen Treaty. 1703-1836. Reduced duty on port wine to England, textiles to Portugal. Hindered Portuguese industrial development.

Mile. 1593. English statute mile based on Roman Mille Passus, 1000 paces.

Mindszenty, József. 1892-1975. Hungarian cardinal. Anti-Nazi, anti-communist. Jailed by both. Spent 1956-71 in US consulate.

Miranda Decision. 1966. US Supreme Court protects rights vs self-incrimination. Required police warning, “You have the right to remain silent...”.

Molinism. Doctrine of Spanish Jesuit, Molina 1535-1600. Reconciled free will and divine grace.

Mornay, Philippe de. 1549-1623. French Huguenot leader in Wars of Religion, 1562-98. Reconciled Henry III, Henry of Navarre.

Motte and Bailey. (Mound and enclosure). Predominant form of castle 11-12C.

Myrdal, Gunnar. 1898-1987. Swedish economist/sociologist on racism. American Dilemma 1944.

Napoleon I, Bonaparte. 1769-1821. French general. Emperor of France by coup d’etat 1804-14. Disastrous Moscow campaign 1812. Defeated at Waterloo 1815. Exiled to St. Helena. Napoleonic Wars. Napoleonic Code. Hundred Days.

Napoleon III. 1808-73. President of French Republic 1848-52. Emperor by coup d’etat 1852-70. Defeated by Bismarck, exiled.

Nassau Agreement. 1962. US-British agreement on Polaris missiles for Royal Navy caused DeGaulle to veto British entry to EEC.

Naturalism. 19-20C Literary movement presenting life objectively. Zola.

Navarre. Vascones. 1C BC Rome. 400-800 Independent. 711 Moslem(Part). 798 Independent Basque kingdom. 1234 French dynasties. 1512 Castile(S). 1589 France(N).

Nazareth. Early home of Christ, in Galilee.

Necho. -595BC. Egyptian pharaoh 610-. Aided Assyria vs Babylonians. Expedition sailed around Africa.

Neruda, Pablo. 1904-73. Chilean surrealist poet. A New Decade

Neuve-Chapelle, Battle. 1915. Failed WWI artillery attack by British on Western Front.

Newgate Prison. 12C-1880. London. Execution site 1783-1868. On site of Old Bailey. Demolished 1902.

Nijinsky, Vaslaw. 1890-1950. Russian ballet dancer of Diaghilev Company.

Nile, Battle. 1798. Aboukir.

Ninety-five Theses. 1517. Document Luther nailed to Wittenburg church door. Began Reformation.

Nobile, Umberto. 1885-1978. Italian general, flew over South Pole in a dirigible, 1926, with Amundsen, Ellsworth.

Nobiles. 3C- Roman ruling aristocracy. Patricians and office holding Plebeians.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

O’Higgins, Bernardo. 1778-1842. Chilean revolutionary, First president. 1818-23. Deposed.

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