Frederick II. The Great. 1712-86. Powerful Prussian king. Siezed Silesia from Austria. Patron of Arts. Liberal internal reforms.

Galilee. N Israel. (Ancient N Palestine). Jesus’ homeland. Absorbed in Arab-Israeli War, 1949.

Galileo Galilei. 1564-1642. Italian physicist. Planetary motion. Thermometer 1592. Acceleration of falling bodies 1604. Astronomical telescope 1609. Sunspots 1610. Arrested for heliocentricity, 1632. Rehabilitated by Vatican 1992. Copernicus.

Gautier, Théophile. 1811-72. French poet. -“Art for art’s sake”. Mlle de Maupin 1835.

Gelasius I, St. Pope 492-6. Compiled first Missal. Hard line continued rift with Constantinople.

Genêt, Edmond. 1763-1834. French diplomat. Failed to win US support for war vs Britain.

Godwin. -1053. English Earl. Exiled 1051. Invaded England 1052.

Grand Canal. 4C BC-1400. China. World’s longest, 1,000 miles.

Great Leap Forward. 1958-61. Failed Chinese program for increased output by communes.

Guarantees, Law of. 1871. Failed to define relationship between papacy and Italian government. Lateran Treaty, 1929.

Haakon VII. 1872-1957. King of Norway after separation from Sweden, 1905. In exile 1940-45.

Haile Selassie. 1892-1975. Emperor of Ethiopia, 1930~74. Modernized and reformed country. Deposed.

Harmodius. -514BC. Failed assassin of Hippias.

Heliocentricity. Revolution of the earth around the sun. Once considered heretical. Galileo. Copernicus.

Hermandad. 1250-1550. Castile-Aragon defensive alliance.

Herod Antipas. 21BC-39 AD. Galileen king 4BC-. Killed John the Baptist for Salome.

Hippias. Greek Tyrant 527-510BC. Exiled.

Hiss, Alger. 1904-96. Alleged communist spy in US State Department. Jailed for perjury 1950-4.

Holy Leagues. 1495 Repelled French invasion of Italy. 1511 Forced France from Italy. 1520 Spanish cities vs HRE. 1526 Failed to force HRE from Italy. 1538 Opposed Schmalkaldic League. 1571 vs Turks. 1576 Opposed Protestantism in France. 1609 vs Protestant Union. 1684 vs Ottomans.

Hugo, Victor. 1802-85. French Romantic poet/writer. Notre Dame 1831. Les Misérables 1862. Exiled 1852-70.

Iconoclasts. 726-843. Byzantines opposed use of images in Christian worship vs Iconophiles. Persecuted. Nicaea.

Ignatius of Constantinople, St. c799-877. Greek Catholic Iconophile.

Ile St-Louis, Paris.1627-64. Classical style buildings.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

Irene. 752-803. Byzantine regent for Constantine VI 780-790. Deposed him...empress 797-. Iconophile.

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