October Revolution. 1917. Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky overthrow Kerensky’s Socialist provisional government in Russian Revolution.

OECD. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1961. For expansion of world trade. OEEC + US, Canada, Australia, NZ.

Omar. 581-644. Second Moslem caliph. Invaded Syria, Egypt, Persia. Established taxation.

Opéra-Comique. 18C-. French light opera infl by Italian Opera Buffa. Grétry.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Orlando, Vittorio. 1860-1952. Italian Prime Minister 1917-19. Versailles negotiator.

Orléans, Louis Philippe, duc d’. 1747-93. Became Citizen Égalité 1892. Joined Third Estate. Father of King Louis-Philippe.

Orsini Affair. 1858. Unsuccessful plot on Napoleon III led to his interest in Italian unity.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Oscar I. 1799-1859. King of Norway and Sweden 1844-. Liberal reforms.

Owen, Robert. 1771-1858. Welsh socialist. Began utopian cooperatives in England and US. Lanark 1799. Rochdale 1844.

Oxford Movement. 1833-45. Christian Socialist Tractarian movement for return to RC ritual, dogma in Anglican Church.

Paganini, Niccolo. 1782-1840. Italian violinist, composer. Revolutionized harmonics use. Capricci 1801-7.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Palestine. Holy land of Jews, Christians, Moslems. 2100BC Amorites invade. 18C BC Hyksos. 16C Hebrews settle. 1500 Egypt. 142 Maccabees. 63BC Rome...5C Byzantine. 614 Persia. 640 Moslem. 1099 Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1291 Mameluk. 16C Ottoman. 1917 Britain. 1920 British under League of Nations mandate. 1947 Partition, Independent Israel.

Palestrina. 1525-94. Italian composer. Pioneer of chordal music. A capella choir 1585. Improperia 1560.

Pali. Indo-European language of Buddha.

Palissy, Bernard. 1510-89. French potter. Discovered white porcelain.

Palladio, Andrea. 1508-80. Italian architect. Reintroduced Roman symmetry and proportion to Venetian villas. Suspension Bridge 1550. Architecture 1570.

Pan-Germanism. 1894-1945. German nationalist movement. Nazism.

Papal States. 756-1870. Italian territory under Pope. Recognized 1279 by HRE; lost during Italian Unification. Pepin Donation.

Papineau, Louis. 1786-1871. French-Canadian nationalist. Led 1837 revolt vs Britain in Lower Canada.

Papua New Guinea. New Guinea. SE: 1884 British. 1906 Australia = Papua. NE: 1884 German. 1914 Australian mandate. 1949 united. 1975 Independent.

Parmenides. 5C BC. Eleatic philosopher. Everything is an illusion. Mind creates the illusion of matter and motion. All is appearance of singular eternal reality.

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