Nehru, Pandit Jawaharial. 1889-1964. Congress Movement 1929-. First Indian Prime Minister 1947-. Rationalized Hindu laws.

Neorealism, Italian. 1920-60. Literary movement supressed by Fascists. Moving autobiographical accounts of the war years. Quasimodo.

Neruda, Pablo. 1904-73. Chilean surrealist poet. A New Decade

Nervi, Pier. 1891-1979. Italian architect. UNESCO Building, Paris 1953. Olympic Stadium, Rome.

Nestorianism. 392-. Jesus had divine + human personalities with moral union. Monophysitism.

New Guinea. 1512 Portugal discovers. 1828 Netherlands(W). 1884 Dutch/British(SE)/German(NE). 1906 British part(SE) to Australia. 1921 League of Nations Australian mandate(NE). 1945 Mandate +Papua. 1963 Dutch part(W) to Indonesia. 1975 Papua New Guinea.

New South Wales. 1788-1852 British colonize with transported convicts. 1856 Self-government. 1901 Australia.

New Thought. 19-20C. US philosophy. Idealism, mind healing.

Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Night of the Long Knives. 1934. Hitler’s SS murder 77+ Nazi opponents and others.

Nihilistm. 19C Russian philosophy of skepticism associated with disheveled revolutionaries. Utilitarianism and rationalism.

Nkomo, Joshua. 1917-99. Zimbabwe nationalist. Founded ZAPU.

Nobile, Umberto. 1885-1978. Italian general, flew over South Pole in a dirigible, 1926, with Amundsen, Ellsworth.

Nominalism. Philosophy. Abstractions do not exist. Things are their names. Vs Realists. Aristotle. Roscelin. Hobbes.

Novalis. 1772-1801. German Romantic poet.

Novotny, Antonin. 1904-75. Stalinist Czech leader 1953-68. Deposed.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

Nuremberg Trials. 1945-6. Trials of 22 Nazi leaders for crimes in WWII. 12 death sentences.

OAU. Organization of African Unity. 1963. Formed to improve living standards and eliminate colonialism.

Obelisk. 3300 year old Luxor gift of Muhammad Ali to Charles X, 1829. Place de la Concorde, Paris.

O’Casey, Sean. 1880-1964. Irish Realist playwright: Juno and the Paycock 1924. Plow and the Stars 1926.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Occasionalism. Will is free. God arranges that what man wills, happens. Determinism. Free Will.

Occultism. Belief in supernatural. Astrology, alchemy, spiritualism, theosophy.

Ochs, Adolph. 1858-1935. US journalist vs Yellow (sensationalist) Journalism. NY Times.

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