Wergeland, Henrick. 1808-45. Norwegian Nationalist writer. Creation 1830.

Westminster, Treaties. 1654 Ends Dutch War. Dutch pay England. 1662 England, Brandenberg most-favoured nation status. 1674 Dutch American colonies to Britain. 1756 Prussia, British neutrality.

Westphalia. 700 Saxons settle. 1180 Duchy. 1803 Hohenzollern. 1807 Kingdom. 1815 Prussia.

Westphalia, Peace of. 1648. Conclusion of the Thirty Years War between Germany, France, and Sweden and Spanish-Dutch 80 Years War. Formal recognition of Swiss independence. Dutch independence. HRE weakened. Religious toleration. Confirmed Augsburg.

WFTU. Communist World Federation of Trade Unions. Formed 1945 from IFTU. 1949 Non-Communist ICFTU split off. 2002 vs globalization, privatization.

White, Patrick. 1912-90. Australian novelist, activist. The Aunt’s Story 1948.

White Australia Policy. 1901-72. Anti-non-European immigration policies.

Whitehead, Alfred. 1861-1947. English mathematician/philosopher. Metaphysical theory of reality. With Russell wrote Principia Mathematica 1913. Process and Reality 1929.

Whitlam, Gough. 1916-. Australian Labour Prime Minister 1972-5. Quit Vietnam War. Dismissed by Governor General. Reduced immigration restrictions. White Australia.

Wilde, Oscar. 1854-1900. Irish writer. Imprisoned for homosexuality. “Art for art’s sake”. Dorian Gray 1891. Importance of Being Earnest 1895. Ballad of Reading Gaol 1898.

Wilkes, John. 1725-97. English journalist, MP, rake. Free press champion. Essays on Women 1764. Expelled and reelected MP.

Wilson, Woodrow. 1856-1924. US president 1913-21. Idealist. Advocated League of Nations. Prohibition. Women’s vote. Attempted to mediate WWI 1917.

Witte, Sergei. 1849-1915. Russian finance minister 1892-1903. Trans-Siberian Railway. Capitalistic policies. First Prime Minister 1905-6.

Wolf, Hugo. 1860-1903. Austrian poet/song writer. Subtle interweaving of piano and vocal based on German, Spanish, Italian poems.

Wood, Grant. 1892-1942. US midwest regionalist painter. American Gothic 1930.

Worcester, Battle. 1651. Cromwell defeats Royalists. Last revolt after English Civil War.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Worms, Concordat of. 1122. Agreement between Pope Calixtus and Emperor Henry V to share power to appoint bishops and abbots. Spiritualia, regalia vested separately.

Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1869-1959. US “organic” architect. Introduced glass and steel forms. Guggenhem Museum 1943-59. Taliesin West 1938.

WTO. World Trade Organization. 1995. Successor to GATT. Focus of anti-globalization protests. WFTU.

Wyat, Thomas. 1503-42. English poet. Introduced Italian sonnet form to English.

Wyeth, Andrew. 1917-2009. US realist painter. Christina’s World 1948.

Wyoming Massacre. 1778. British Loyalists, Indians attack American settlement while men away in Washington’s army. 360 women, children killed.

Yalta Conference. 1945. Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin. Decided partition of Europe after WWII. USSR enters war vs Japan. Potsdam. San Francisco Peace.

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