Varna, Battles. 1444 Ottoman Turks defeat Hungarians, expand to Balkans. 1828 Russians defeat Turks.

Vasarely, Victor. 1908-97. Hungarian/French Op art kinetic painter.

Vienna, Peace. 1606. Ended Hungarian rebellion vs Hapsburgs. Toleration for Protestants.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

Autumn Harvest Uprising. 1927. Failed Chinese peasant revolt led by Mao.

Beer Hall Putsch. 1923. Hitler’s unsuccessful Munich uprising. Wrote Mein Kampf while imprisoned 8 months.

Blanqui, Louis. 1805-81. French militant socialist. Coined: “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”, “Industrial Revolution”, 1837. Unsuccessful uprising 1839. Commune leader. Secret societies.

Bulgarian Horrors. 1876. Brutal Ottoman suppression of uprising. 15,000 killed in reprisals.

Cadiz Uprising. 1820. C. Constitution reimplemented.

De Valéra, Eamon. 1882-1975. US/Irish mathematician. Led Easter Uprising. Led Sinn Fein, 1917-26. Founded Fianna Fáil 1926. Prime Minister of Irish Free State, 1931~59. President 59-73.

Emmet, Robert. 1778-1803. Leader of failed Irish nationalist uprising. Executed.

Fitzgerald, Edward. 1763-98. Irish rebel. Sought aid from France for 1798 uprising.

Harper’s Ferry. 1859. John Brown raids arsenal to start slave uprising.

Huang Hsing. 1874-1916. Led Chinese uprising 1911, with Sun Yat-sen.

June Days. 1848. Paris workers uprising. Cavaignac’s military rule kills 10,000 to restore order.

Kiel Mutiny. 1918. Navy mutiny causes German uprising. Weimar Republic.

May Demonstrations. 1968 Paris student uprising for more money to education, less to defence. General Strike brought 33% increase in minimum wage.

Pausanius. Spartan. Drove Persians from Greece at Plataea, 479BC. Starved to death for plotting helot uprising.

Pilgrimage of Grace. 1536. Catholic uprising in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire against dissolution of monasteries, taxation and inflation.

Polish Uprising. 1863. January Insurrection.

Rhine Uprising. 1301-2. Vs tolls.

Sinn Fein. 1905. (=Ourselves Alone). Irish Nationalist movement. 1916 uprising. Founded Irish Free State. Legalized as political party in Northern Ireland, 1974. Political wing of IRA. De Valera.

Spartacus League. 1914-19. Forerunner of German Communist Party. Leaders executed after 1919 uprising.

Vendée, Wars. French Royalist uprisings of 1793,4,9, 1815,32.

Warsaw Uprising. 1830-1. Czartoryski attempt to oust Russians crushed. 1944. Polish underground army defeats Germans but Soviet delay allows German reinforcements to defeat Poles, destroying potential opposition to later Soviet control.