Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of. 1650-1722. English general vs Louis XIV in War of Spanish Succession. Blenheim. Malplaquet. Ramillies.

Marlborough Statute. Westminster, Provisions of.

Megaliths. Neolithic monuments of very large stones. Stonehenge.

Milan. c400BC Celtic. 222BC Rome. 539 Goths destroy. 12C Independent. 1277 Visconti. 1450 Sforzas. 1535 Spain. 1713 Austria. 1797 Napoleon. 1815 Austria. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Moldavia (former). 14C Vlachs establish. 1349 Independent. 14C +Bessarabia. 16C Autonomous/Ottoman. 1774 Russian protectorate. 1774 -Bessarabia. 1859 +Walachia =Romania. 1940 Part ceded to MSSR.

Monmouth’s Rebellion. 1685. vs James II at Sedgemoor. Unsuccessful.

National Health Service. 1948-. British system of socialized medicine.

North Sea Gas. 1967.

North Sea Oil. 1975. First pumped.

Ochs, Adolph. 1858-1935. US journalist vs Yellow (sensationalist) Journalism. NY Times.

Orléans, Philippe II, duc d’. 1674-1723. French soldier Wars of Grand Alliance, Spanish Succession. Regent for Louis XV.

Ostrogoths. Germanic peoples. 3C Ukraine kingdom. 406 kingdom in Italy. 370 conquered by Huns. 493 conquered Italy. 555 dispersed by Justinian. Goths.

Philip V. 1683-1746. First Bourbon king of Spain 1700-. Accession led to War of Spanish Succession, loss of Netherlands and Italian possessions. War of Polish Succession.

Plato. c428-347BC. Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates’ Dialogs. Free-will. Republic. “There exist absolute truths. Mind imprints its idea on matter. Mind has always existed and seeks to free itself from matter and return to God.” Founded Academy c387. Symposium c384. Apologia c399. Quest for good will lead to harmony in the world.

Polish Succession, War of. 1733-38. Russia, Austria defeat Poland, France, Spain; place Augustus III on throne.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Provence. 6C BC Greeks settle. 121BC Rome. 5C Visigoth/Burgundy...Ostrogoth. 6C Frank. 1246 Angevin. 1486 France.

Queen Anne’s War. 1702-13. French vs English in North America in War of Spanish Succession.

Rastatt, Congress of. 1713. After War of Spanish Succession, Holy Roman Empire renounces claim to Spanish throne. 1797-9. Failed at peace between France and HRE.

Ravenna. 402 Western Roman Empire capital. 476 Ostrogothic capital of Italy. 553 Byzantine. 751 Lombard. 754 Franks. 1278 Papal States. 1441 Venice. 1509 Papal States. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Reich, Second. 1871-1918. German Empire under Kaisers William I, II.

Reichskammergericht. 1495-1806. Supreme Court of Holy Roman Empire.

Reichstag. Ruling body of HRE and German states. = Imperial Diet.

Reichstag Fire. 1933. Arson. Hitler blamed “red peril” as excuse for assuming dictatorship.

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