Notre-Dame. Paris Cathedral. 1163-1345. Restored 1841. Prototype of all Gothic cathedrals.

Novatian. c200-58. Antipope. Founded strict sect -6C. Novation Schism.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1963. US, UK, USSR, + 100 signatories. No atmospheric, underwater, or space tests. France, China decline, continue testing.

Ogadai. 1185-1241. Mongol ruler 1229-41. Conquered China to Poland, Hungary.

O’Higgins, Bernardo. 1778-1842. Chilean revolutionary, First president. 1818-23. Deposed.

Ojibwa. (Chippewa). North American Indians near Great Lakes. Supported French vs British in 7 Years War, British vs Americans in Revolution.

Okubo, Toshimichi. 1830-78. Japanese statesman. Meiji Restoration. Westernized Japan.

O’Neill, Shane. c1530-67. Irish chief rebelled vs England, slain by rival clan.

Open Door. 1900-39. US policy of equal trade rights with China.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Orgetorix. -60BC. Helvetian chief vs Caesar.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Oudenaarde, Battle. 1708. Churchill, Prince Eugène defeat French.

Pacific, War of. 1879-84. Chile wins land from Peru, Bolivia’s coastline.

Paget, James. 1814-99. British surgeon. Trichinosis 1834.

Palladian. Classical Roman British architecture. 1615-35 and 1715-60. Inigo Jones. Palladio.

Palladio, Andrea. 1508-80. Italian architect. Reintroduced Roman symmetry and proportion to Venetian villas. Suspension Bridge 1550. Architecture 1570.

Panay Incident. 1937. Japanese sink US gunboat in China. US restraint exemplified isolationism.

Pancras, St. 290-304. Patron saint of children. Martyred at age 14.

Paris. Son of Priam. Carried Helen back to Troy, starting the Trojan Wars. Shot Achilles. Judged first beauty contest.

Pathet Lao. 1950-91. Laotian communists vs French rule in Indochina.

Paxton, Joseph. 1801-65. English architect. Crystal Palace 1851.

Pei, I.M. 1917-. Chinese/US architect. Kennedy Airport 1960. Place Ville-Marie. Louvre Pyramid.

Peking, Treaty. 1860. China cedes coastal land to Russia.

Peleus. Mythical Greek king of Myrmidons. Achilles’ father.

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