Lowell, Percival. 1855-1916. US astronomer. Predicted Pluto 1905 (erroneously). PL of Pluto name after him. Studied Mars’ “canals” 1906. Schiaparelli.

Luddites. 1811-16. Workers who destroyed machines to stop the Industrial Revolution. Led by mythical Ned Ludd.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Lutuli, Albert. 1898-1967. African Zulu chief. Pacifist ANC President 1952-. Let My People Go 1962.

Lutyens, Edwin. 1869-1944. English architect of country houses and public buildings. Fountain at Trafalgar. New Delhi Plan 1912.

Lyons, Council, 2nd. 1274. Union of East, West churches. Later repudiated by Greek clergy. Schism.

Machiavelli, Niccolo. 1469-1527. Florentine amoral cynic, statesman, historian and writer. The Prince 1513. -“End justifies the means”. -“Appear virtuous, act to maintain power”.

MacLeish, Archibald. 1892-1982. US poet laureate of the New Deal. Happy Marriage 1924.

Maderno, Carlo. 1556-1629. Swiss architect. Founded Baroque style. St. Peter’s facade 1607.

Magi. Persian priest caste. Caspar, Melchior, Belthazar bore gifts to Jesus.

Magliabechi, Antonio. 1633-1714. Italian Medici librarian.

Mahayana. 1C-. Liberal Buddhist doctrine of China, Japan, Korea, Tibet. Bodhisattva.

Maipú, Battle. 1818. Spanish loss. Chile Independent.

Malplaquet, Battle. 1709. Marlborough defeats French in war of Spanish Succession.

Manchu. 1644-1912. Chinese dynasty.=Ch’ing. 1682 united China.

Manchuria. 926 Khitan Empire. 1234 Mongol. 1644 Manchu. 1898 Port Arthur. 1932 Manchukuo. 1946 China.

Mandarin. Chinese official. Chinese dialect.

Mansart, Francois. 1598-1666. French architect. Val-de-Grâce 1645. Classical elements in Baroque style. Subtle elegance, harmony. Mansard roof.

Mansart, Jules Hardouin-. 1646-1708. French architect, city planner. Dome Church 1677. Grand Trianon 1687. Place de Vendôme.

Mao Tse-tung. 1893-1976. Chinese Communist leader 1935-. Long March. Cultural Revolution.

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of. 1650-1722. English general vs Louis XIV in War of Spanish Succession. Blenheim. Malplaquet. Ramillies.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marshall, John. 1755-1835. US Chief Justice. Marbury-Madison.

Martin V. 1368-1431. Pope 1417-. Election ended Great Schism.

Marx Brothers. Groucho 1890-1977. Harpo 1888-1964. Chico 1886-1961. Zeppo 1901-79. Gummo 1893-1977. US film comedians. Animal Crackers 1928. Duck Soup 1933.

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