Xenophanes. c560-478BC. Greek poet. Founded Eleatics. Change is an illusion. Monotheist.

Xerxes I. 519-465BC. King of Persia, invaded Attica. Victor at Thermopylae. Salamis defeat preserved Greek independence. Crossed Hellespont 480BC.

Yeomen of the Guard. 1485 British Monarch’s bodyguard. Beef Eaters, Yeoman Warders of the Tower of London, 1669-.

York. Branch of the Anjou-Plantegenet family, Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III. War of Roses.

York Cathedral. 625 Original. 1070-1472 Current.

Yü the Great. -2197BC. Legendary founder of First Chinese dynasty, Hsia.

Zambia. 1851 Livingstone explores. 1890 British South Africa Company =Northern Rhodesia. 1953 +Nyasaland. 1964 Independent Zambia.

Zeami Motokiyo. 1363-1443. Japanese No drama theorist, playwright. Kaden-sho 1400.

Zeno of Citium. c335-263BC. Greek founder of Stoicism. Early anarchist: “Compulsion perverts the nature of man”.

Zimbabwe. 11C Shona. 15C Karanga Empire. 16C Portugal explores. 1890 British South Africa Co. 1911 Southern Rhodesia. 1953 +Nyasaland. 1964 =Rhodesia. 1965 Declared indepence, international sanctions. 1979 Independent. =Zimbabwe. ZAPU. ZANU. Mugabe.

Zionism. 1882-1947. Aspirations of a Jewish nation in Israel. Balfour Declaration. Herzl.

Zionist World Congress. 1897. Defined Basel Program to establish Palestinian Homeland. Herzl.

Zoroastrianism. 550BC-650. Monotheistic, dualist national religion of Persia. =Parsiism. Zoroaster.

Zuiderzee. Netherlands. 13C. Floods caused by storms. 1927-32 Dam built. 1930s Land reclaimed. 1944 Flooded by Nazis. 1946 reclaimed.

Adams, William. 1564-1620. English navigator established Japan trade c1613.

Barents, Willem. 1555-97. Dutch navigator, explorer for NE passage.

Brendan, St. 484-578. Celtic abbot, legendary Atlantic navigator to North America.

Cabral, Pedro. 1467-1520. Portuguese navigator. Discovered Brazil 1500.

Columbus, Christopher. 1446-1506. Genoese navigator for Spain. Discovered America, 1492. Pinzon.

Frobisher, Martin. 1535-94. British navigator in search of North-West passage 1576.

Tasman, Abel. c1603-59. Dutch navigator. Discovered Tasmania, New Zealand. 1642; Fiji, Tonga 1643.