Ney, Michel. 1769-1815. Marshal under Napoleon. Shot after second Restoration. “Bravest of the brave”-Napoleon.

Nicholas of Cusa. 1401-64. German. Proposed heliocentricity, calendar reform 1429. De Docta Ignorantia 1440. “A learned man is one who is aware of his own ignorance.”

Nicodemus. Jewish elder. Helped bury Jesus.

Night of the Long Knives. 1934. Hitler’s SS murder 77+ Nazi opponents and others.

Oenone. Nymph wife of Paris. Deserted for Helen of Troy.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Orgetorix. -60BC. Helvetian chief vs Caesar.

Orléans, Gaston, duc d’. 1608-60. French prince vs Richelieu. Exiled 1632-2. Led Fronde.

Paris. Son of Priam. Carried Helen back to Troy, starting the Trojan Wars. Shot Achilles. Judged first beauty contest.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Pausanius. Spartan. Drove Persians from Greece at Plataea, 479BC. Starved to death for plotting helot uprising.

Pelagius. c354-c425. Welsh monk. Held heretical view that God rewards the virtuous. Free will, no original sin vs Determinism. Pelagians.

Prim y Prats, Juan. 1814-70. Spanish. Helped overthrow Isabella 1868.

Prime Minister. =Premier. Head of parliamentary government under the head of state (monarch or president). Walpole (1721-42) considered first British Prime Minister. Richelieu 1624 France. Chancellor.

Rachel. Biblical wife of Jacob.

Ramsay, William. 1852-1916. English chemist: discovered helium 1895; neon, krypton, xenon 1898.

Ray, Rammohan. 1772-1833. Indian Hindu scholar, translator. Helped abolish suttee.

Reich, Wilhelm. 1897-1957. German/US psychiatrist. Theory of Orgone, a force which permeates the body and is released by orgasm.

Renaissance Architecture. Italy 15C-. England 1558-1702. Intellectual search for harmony with Roman and mathematical proportions. Michelangelo. Bramante. Brunelleschi. Manetti.

Richelieu, Cardinal. 1585-1642. French politician 1624-. Built power of Louis XIII.

Riehl, Wilhelm. 1823-97. German writer/historian.

Rob Roy. 1671-1734. Scottish Jacobite outlaw, 1715. Helped poor at expense of rich.

Robin Hood. 13C Legendary English archer and outlaw, who robbed the rich to help the poor.

Rococo. Art and Architecture 1720-70. Last stage of Baroque. Shell shaped motif in ornamentation. Dainty, graceful, ornate, smiling. Watteau. Boucher. Fragonard.

Rodin, Auguste. 1840-1917. French sculptor: Thinker 1879-89. Balzac. Beethoven. Kiss 1886. Burghers of Calais 1884-6. Gates of Hell.

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