Merchant Adventurers. 1296-1806. English trading guild with Dutch. =Hamburg Co 1578-.

Millenary Petition. 1603. Presented by 1000 Puritan ministers to James I. Calls Hampton Court Conference.

Milo. 6C BC. Greek Olympic wrestler. 6 Olympic, 6 Pythian championships.

Mohammed. Persian equivalent of Muhammad.

Montfort, Simon de. c1208-65. English leader of revolt vs Henry III. Model Parliament was first representative parliament. Defeated and captured at Evesham 1265. Barons War.

Montrose, James Graham, Marq. of. 1612-50. Scottish general for Charles I in Civil War. Executed.

Monts, Pierre du Ghast. 1568-1630. French explorer with Champlain. Founded Portugal Royal 1605.

Mosadeq, Mohammed. 1880-1967. Iran Prime Minister. Nationalized oil 1951. Briefly forced out Shah 1953. Pyjama speeches.

Muawiya. c602-680. Muhammad’s disciple, founded Umayyad dynasty.

Muhammad. c570-632. Arabian founder of Islam, 622. Koran author by divine revelation, 610. United Arabs. Badr. Hijrah. Caliphate Empire.

Muhammad Ahmad. Founded Mahdism 1880.

Muhammad ’Ali Pasha. 1769-1849. Egyptian Viceroy 1805-48. Killed Mameluks. Aided Ottomans vs Greeks. Dynasty ruled Egypt to 1952.

Muhammadan Era. Began 622 AD, AH 0 of Islamic Calendar. Dates from Hijrah. Christian Era.

Munich Agreement. 1938. Recognition of Italian and German conquests by Chamberlain and Daladier. Dismembered Czechoslovakia. Appeasement Policy. Sudetenland.

Naguib, Muhammad. 1901-84. Egyptian general. Deposed Farouk I with Nasser. President 1952-4.

Nash, John. 1752-1835. English architect: Regent St, London; Marble Arch; Brighton Pavillion; Buckingham Palace 1821-30.

Nasmyth, James. 1808-90. Scottish inventor of steam hammer, 1839.

Northampton, Battle. 1460. War of the Roses. York victory earns right to succeed Henry VI.

Obelisk. 3300 year old Luxor gift of Muhammad Ali to Charles X, 1829. Place de la Concorde, Paris.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Pahlavi, Muhammed. 1919-80. Shah of Iran 1941-79. Deposed by Khomeini.

Panama Scandal. 1892. Bribery of French Chamber of Deputies discovered re 1888 Lesseps Panama loan. Discredited Clemenceau’s radicals.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Perret, Auguste. 1874-1954. French architect in reinforced concrete. Champs-Élyées Theatre.

Philip II. 1527-98. Spanish king. Revolt, 1579. Married Mary I of England. Sent Armada against Elizabeth I, 1588. Counter-Reformation champion.

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