Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. CND. 1958- Founded by Russell. Aldermaston Marches. The peace symbol, overlaid semaphore ND, was designed for the CND.

Carmathians. 890-10C. Moslem reform sect. Kidnaped and ransomed Stone of Ka’bah 930-950.

Carmelite. 1156- Mendicant friars. 1452- Nuns. 1562 vow of silence.

Carmen, Bliss. 1861-1929. Canadian lyric poet. Low tide on Grand Pré 1893. Daughters of Dawn 1913.

Carmichael, Hoagie. 1899-1982. US popular jazz composer: Georgia On My Mind 1930.

Carmona, António. 1869-1951. Portuguese president 1928-.

Chu Teh. 1886-1976. Commander-in-Chief of Chinese Red Army. Long March.

CIS. 1991. Commonwealth of Independent States led by Russia. Ukraine, Belarus. Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova.

Clearance of Scottish Highlands. 1790-1850. Increased sheep farming displaces tenant crofters.

CND. Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

Confederation Group. 19C Canadian nationalistic poets. Carmen.

Constable, John. 1776-1837. English Naturalist landscape painter. Hay Wain 1821. Valley Farm. Waterloo Bridge 1831.

Continental Army. 1775-81. American Revolution army under George Washington.

Conway Cabal. 1777 plot to replace Washington with Gates at head of Continental Army.

Crofter. Scottish tenant farmer with right of common pasture.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Curragh Incident. 1914. 57 British army officers resign rather than fight Ulstermen.

Curzon Line. 1920. Russo-Polish armistice line. Became border, 1945.

Danegeld. Anglo-Saxon tax 991-1012 to buy off Norse attacks. Heregeld, 1012-51 to raise A-S army vs Norse.

Debussy, Claude. 1862-1918. French Impressionist composer. System of harmonic images. Nocturnes. La Mer 1905.

Decadents. 19C. Writers who believed art should be above conventional morality. Mallarmé. Wilde. Verlaine.

Denikin, Anton. 1872-1947. Russian general of White Army, 1918-20.

Dharma. Virtue to Hindus, Buddhists, Jainists; ordering principle of universe.

Dharma-sastra. 8C BC. Sanskrit books of Hindu family law.

Diggers. 1649-50. English communal Puritan farmers. “True Levellers”.

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