New Economic Policy. 1921-8. Russian economic program. Limited free enterprise. Replaced by Five Year Plans.

New Granada. 18C-1810 Spanish colony in South America: Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela. 1830-58 =Colombia.

New Spain. 1535-1821. Spanish possessions in North, Central America. New Granada.

Newton, Isaac. 1643-1727. English physicist. Calculus 1666. Reflecting telescope 1668. Binomial Theorem. 1676. Tides 1683. Law of Gravity and Acceleration 1684. Decomposition of light.Principia Mathematica 1687. Speed of sound 1698.Opticks 1704.

Nicaea. 4C BC Greco-Turkish city. Now Izmik.

Nicephorus I. -811. Byzantine Emperor 802-. Agreement with Charlemagne led to Empire of the West.

Nicholas I. 1841-1921. Prince/King of Montenegro 1860-. Opposed union with Serbia. Deposed 1918.

Niepce, Nicéphore. 1765-1833. French. First permanent photographic image 1826.

Nike. Greek winged goddess of victory.

Northern War, Great. 1700-21. Sweden vs Russia and allies. Ends Sweden’s power, begins Russia’s.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

Nystad, Treaty. 1721. Russia/Sweden. Russia gains window on Baltic. Ends Great Northern War.

Nyx. Greek personification (female) of night.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

Obed. Biblical son of Ruth and Boaz. Grandfather of David.

October Revolution. 1917. Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky overthrow Kerensky’s Socialist provisional government in Russian Revolution.

Oder-Neisse Line. 1945- Polish-German border established by Potsdam Conference.

Odoacer. c435-93. German who deposed Romulus Augustus 476. Assassinated by Theodoric.

Ojibwa. (Chippewa). North American Indians near Great Lakes. Supported French vs British in 7 Years War, British vs Americans in Revolution.

Olympia. Home of ancient Greek games. 776BC-393 AD.

Olympiad. Greek measure of time = 4 years.

Olympians. 12 Greek gods residing on Mt. Olympus.

Olympias. c175-316BC. Wife of Philip of Macedonia. Mother of Alexander the Great.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Omar Khayyam. c1027-1123. Persian mathematician/ poet: Rubaiyat. Specific gravity of gold 1061.

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