Maistre, Joseph de. 1753-1821. French moralist for Christianity, Absolutism vs progress. Spanish Inquisition 1837.

Makarios III. 1913-77. Orthodox archbishop. Pro-Greek Cyprus president 1959-.

Malignar Agreements. 1936-7. Socialist reforms in France.

Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1842-98. French poet, initiated Symbolism. Après-Midi d’un faune 1865.

Mandela, Nelson. 1918-. South African anti-Apartheid ANC leader. Jailed 1962-90. President 94-99.

Manet, Édouard. 1832-83. French Pre-Impressionist painter. Olympia 1863. Déjeuner sur l’herbe 1863, triggered Impressionism. Folies-Bergères 1882. Monet.

Manorial System. (Seignorial). 11-15C. Lord grants peasant rights to till land for fixed payment.

Mansart, Francois. 1598-1666. French architect. Val-de-Grâce 1645. Classical elements in Baroque style. Subtle elegance, harmony. Mansard roof.

Mansart, Jules Hardouin-. 1646-1708. French architect, city planner. Dome Church 1677. Grand Trianon 1687. Place de Vendôme.

Maori. Polynesian people of New Zealand. Migrated before 800 AD (1150 by their legend).

Marbury vs Madison. 1803. First US Supreme court ruling an Act of Congress unconstitutional. Marshall.

Marggraf, Andreas. 1709-82. German. Sugar in beets, 1747.

Marie Thérèse. 1638-83. Queen Consort to Louis XIV. Daughter of Philip IV. Unpaid dowry caused War of Devolution.

Mars. Roman god of war. = Greek Ares.

Marseilles. c600BC Greek colony. 49BC Rome.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

Martial, Marcus. c40-103. Roman epigrammatic poet.

Martin V. 1368-1431. Pope 1417-. Election ended Great Schism.

Marx Brothers. Groucho 1890-1977. Harpo 1888-1964. Chico 1886-1961. Zeppo 1901-79. Gummo 1893-1977. US film comedians. Animal Crackers 1928. Duck Soup 1933.

Mauriac, François. 1885-1970. French Roman Catholic author of sombre novels. Thérèse 1927.

Maury, Matthew. 1806-73. US oceanographer. Physical Geography of the Sea 1855.

Mavrokordátos, Aléxandros. 1791-1835. Greek revolutionary leader vs Turkey. Prime Minister 1833,44,54-55.

Maximilian I. The Great. 1573-1651. Duke of Bavaria. Founded Catholic League 1609. Thirty Years War.

Mayflower. 1620. Pilgrims’ ship to Massachussets.

McAdam, John. 1756-1836. Scottish inventor of Macadam gravel road 1810...Tarmac.

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