Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Goths. Germanic people of S Scandinavia. Invaded Europe, 3-4C. Visigoths and Ostrogoths.

Gottfried von Strassbourg. 13C. German poet. Tristan and Isolde.

Goya, Francisco. 1746-1828. Spanish painter and engraver of macabre. Horrors of War 1811.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Grand Army of the Republic. 1866-1956. Political organization of American Civil War veterans.

Grand Canal. 4C BC-1400. China. World’s longest, 1,000 miles.

Grand Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition in Paris.

Grand Remonstrance. 1641. Grievances presented to Charles I by Long Parliament.

Grande Armée. 1805-12. Napoleon’s 1,000,000 man army; combined smaller armies for central control.

Grande Gallery of Louvre. Longest gallery in the world, 300m.

Grandee. 13C-. Highest rank of Spanish nobility.

Grandfather Clause. -1915. S US states limited vote to those enfranchised by 1866/7.

Grands-Augustins, Quai de. 1313. Oldest quay in Paris, by Philip the Fair.

Grands Rhétoriqueurs. 15-16C. French poets. Deschamps, DeMachaut.

Granicus, Battle. 334BC. Alexander’s First victory; defeats Darius III of Persia.

Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-85. Commander-in-Chief Union army 1864-5 in US Civil War. President 1869-77.

Graves, Robert. 1895-1985. English poet and novelist. I, Claudius 1934.

Great Britain. 1707 Kingdom of England, Scotland, Wales. United Kingdom. Act of Union.

Greece. c3000BC Minoan(Crete). c1500BC Achaean. 11C Aeolian, Ionian. c1100 Dorian. 683 Athens monarchy. 404 Sparta. 371 Thebes. 338 Macedonia...Alexander. 197BC Rome...Byzantine. 1453 AD Ottoman. 1829 Independent kingdom. 1912 +Crete. 1924 Republic. 1935 Constitutional Monarchy. 1973 Republic. 1981 EEC. 1994 EU.

Greek Independence, War. 1821-29. Greek rebels, plus England, France, Russia defeat Turkey and Egypt. London Treaty. Otto I. Constantinople Treaty, 1832....End of Holy Alliance.

Greek Project. 1782. Abandoned plan of Catherine the Great to conquer Ottoman Empire.

Greenbacks. US banknotes issued to support Civil War not backed by gold.

Greene, Graham. 1904-91. English cinematic thriller writer: Man Within 1929. Power and the Glory 1940. Third Man 1949. Quiet American 1955.

Greene, Robert. c1558-92. English dramatist. Friar Bacon and Friar Burgay c1591.

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