Old English. 5-11C. Teutonic language of England.

Olympias. c175-316BC. Wife of Philip of Macedonia. Mother of Alexander the Great.

Oñate, Juan de. -1630. Spanish explorer of southwest US.

O’Neill, Shane. c1530-67. Irish chief rebelled vs England, slain by rival clan.

Orange, House of. French dynasty influential in Netherlands. William I. William III.

Oranges, War of. 1801. France and Spain defeat and divide Portugal.

Orcagna, Andrea. 1308-68. Florentine painter and sculptor.

Orcus. Roman god of underworld and dead. = Hades.

Orestes. Electra’s brother. Killed mother and her lover to avenge death of his father, Agamemnon.

Origen. c185-254. Alexandrian. Sought to justify Christianity in terms of Greek philosophy. On First Principles.

Orlando, Vittorio. 1860-1952. Italian Prime Minister 1917-19. Versailles negotiator.

Orléanists. 1830-48. French supporters of Louis-Philippe vs republicans and Bonapartists.

Orléans. 1344-. Branch of French Valois and Bourbons.

Orléans, Philippe II, duc d’. 1674-1723. French soldier Wars of Grand Alliance, Spanish Succession. Regent for Louis XV.

Orwell, George. 1903-50. English satirical novelist and social critic: Animal Farm 1945, 1984 1948.

Oscar I. 1799-1859. King of Norway and Sweden 1844-. Liberal reforms.

Osler, William. 1849-1919. Canadian/British physician. Blood platelets 1873. Principles and Practice of Medicine 1892.

Oswy. -670. King of Bernicia 641-, Northumbria 655-. United most of S. England.

Overlord, Operation. = Normandy Invasion.

Owen, Robert. 1771-1858. Welsh socialist. Began utopian cooperatives in England and US. Lanark 1799. Rochdale 1844.

Pacific, War of. 1879-84. Chile wins land from Peru, Bolivia’s coastline.

Pacification of Ghent. 1576. Catholic, Protestant truce in Netherlands to revolt vs Spanish occupiers.

Padilla, Juan de. 1490-1521. Spanish revolutionary. Led Communeros vs Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Executed.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

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