Maximilian I. 1459-1519. HRE 1493-. Expanded Hapsburg empire by marriage and conquest. Italian Wars.

Mazepa, Ivan. 1644-1709. Cossack. Fought for Ukraine independence from Poland.

McClure, Robert. 1807-73. British naval commander. First Northwest Passage crossing by boat and sledge 1853-4.

McCrae, John. 1872-1918. Canadian physician/poet. In Flanders Fields.

McNaughton, Andrew. 1887-1966. Canadian WWII commander in England. Invented direction finder.

Mellon, Andrew. 1855-1937. US financier. Donated art, money to found National Gallery.

Menander. 342-292BC. Greek comic dramatist. Dyscolus 316BC.

Menelaus. King of Sparta. Husband of Helen of Troy.

Menes. c3100BC. Egyptian king. United Upper and Lower Egypt.

Menshikov, Aleksandr. c1672-1729. Ruled Russia for Catherine I.

Mercantilism. 16-18C. Economic policy opposed to Adam Smith’s. Regulation of industry and trade. Large armies. Wealth of nation is its gold.

Mercia. 7C-877. Anglo-Saxon kingdom in central England. Conquered by Danes, Wessex.

Meredith, George. 1828-1909. English manners novelist. Intellectual, witty and poetic. Ordeal 1859. Egoist 1879. Dianna of the Crossways 1885.

Merezhkovsky, Dmitri. 1865-1941. Russian historical novelist. Christ and Antichrist 1896-1905.

Merovingians. 476-751. Frankish dynasty. Childeric founded; Clovis expanded empire to modern France, Germany, Belgium, N Italy. Austrasia, Neustria; 534+Burgundy. Clotaire. Carolingians.

Merrick, Joseph. 1862-90. “Elephant Man”. Severely disfigured English cripple, subject of play and film.

Merritt, William. 1793-1862. Upper Canada trade promoter. Welland Canal 1824-9.

Mersen, Treaty. 870. Divided Lotharingia. Charles II and Louis the German establish French/German frontier.

Mesopotamia. 5000BC. Tigris-Euphrates river plain where civilization began. 550BC Persia. 331BC Alexander. 115 Rome. 637 Moslem. 13C Mongol. 1534 Ottoman. Babylon. Akkad. Ur. Iraq.

Messerschmidt, Willy. 1898-1978. German plane designer and manufacturer, WWII.

Metaphysical Painting. 1911-20. Bizarre surreal imagery in stark landscape. De Chirico.

Metastasio, Pietro. 1698-1782. Italian librettist for Gluck, Handel, Haydn, Mozart.

Metéora. Built 12C-1458. Greece. Monasteries perched on 1000’ pinnacles and crags.

Methuen Treaty. 1703-1836. Reduced duty on port wine to England, textiles to Portugal. Hindered Portuguese industrial development.

MI5. 1909. British Security Service responsible for counterintelligence and internal security.

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