Burschenschaften. 1815-19. Militant student societies seeking united Germany.

Büsching, Anton. 1724-93. German scientific geographer. New System of Geography 1762.

Cameroon. 1472 Portugal explores. 16-19C Slave source. 1884 Germany. 1916 France(E)/Britain(W). 1960 Independent. 1961 NW to Nigeria; SW =Cameroon Republic.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Caporetto, Battle. 1917. Disastrous Italian loss vs Austria and Germany.

Carnap, Rudolph. 1891-1970. German/US Logical Positivist philosopher.

Casement, Roger. 1864-1916. Irish. Enlisted German aid for Irish Independence during WWI. Executed.

Cassino. 1944. Town, monastery destroyed in German defence of route to Rome.

Cavell, Edith. 1865-1915. British nurse in Brussels. Executed by Germans for helping POWs escape.

Central Powers. 1882-1918. = Triple Alliance. Germany and its allies during WWI.

Centre Party. 1871-1933. German Roman Catholic political party.

Chamberlain, Houston. 1855-1927. British/German antisemite pro-Aryan philosopher. Foundation of the Nineteenth Century, 1899.

Chancellor. Title of prime minister of Germany.

Charles V. 1500-1558. Hapsburg king of Netherlands 1515-55, Spain 1516-56, Germany 1519-. Holy Roman Emperor 1519-56. Fought Francis I. Divided Austria from Spain. Fought Turks.

Cimbri. 2C BC. Germanic tribe. Invaded Rome. Annihilated.

Clausewitz, Karl von. 1780-1831. German. On War 1816.

Clausius, Rudolph. 1822-88. German physicist. Entropy.

Cold War. 1946-90. Alternating crisis and detente between west and east, begun with Russia breaking Potsdam Agreement and creating communist regimes in East Germany and Czechoslovakia.

Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

Conrad I. -918. First non-Carolingian king of Germany 911-.

Corsica. 6C BC Phocaean. Etruscan. 278BC Carthage. 259BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 8C Papacy. 10C Saracen. 1077 Pisa. 1296 Genoa, Aragon dispute. 1569 Genoa. 1768 France. 1794 Britain. 1796 France 1814-15 British occupy. WWII Germans occupy.

Cranach, Lucas. 1472-1553. German painter and engraver. Luther 1533.

Crete. c6100BC Knossos civilization. 3500BC Minoan. 1100BC Greek 67BC Rome. 826 Saracen. 960 Byzantine. 1205 Venice. 1669 Ottoman. 1912 Greece. 1941-45 Germany occupies.

Crete, Battle. 1941. First German airborne invasion.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

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