Somme, Battle of the. WWI. 1916. Allied victory with 1M casualties, minor gain. First use of tank. 1918. German victory.

Somoza, Anastasio. 1896-1956. Nicaraguan president. 1936~. Sons ruled to 1979.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Song-tsen Gam-po. 7C. First known king of Tibet.

Songhai. 15-16C. West African trading empire.

Sonnino, Sidney. 1847-1922. Italian diplomat. Encouraged Italy into WWI. Treaty of London.

Sophia Alekseyevna. 1657-1704. Regent of Russia 1682-9 for Ivan V and Peter I.

Sophists. 5-4C BC. Wandering Greek philosophers who taught rhetoric and logic for a fee. Protagoras.

Sopho. c650BC. Greek lyric poet.

Sophocles. c495-406BC. Greek tragic poet. Introduced third actor to tragedy. Antigone 442. Oedipus Rex 427.

Soranus. 1-2C. Greek gynecologist. Described contraception. Dominated medicine 1500 years.

Sorbonne College. c1257. Founded by Robert de Sorbon. Seat of University of Paris.

Sorel, Agnès. 1422-50. First “officially recognized” mistress of French king.

Sorel, George. 1847-1922. French advocate of revolutionary syndicalism. Reflection on Violence 1908 justified violence and general strikes. Influenced Mussolini.

Sosigenes of Alexandria. 1C BC. Astronomer. Julian calendar.

Sothic Cycle. -238BC. 1460 year Egyptian 365 day calendar cycle.

Soufflot, Germain. 1713-80. Protégé of Marigny. Architect of the Panthéon c1757-90.

Soul. Immaterial essence of man. Recognized by most cultures, but in varying forms.

Sousa, Martin de. 1500-64. First Portuguese colony in Brazil 1532.

South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

South West Africa. German South-West Africa. Namibia.

Sovereign. 1503-1917. English coin worth 22s6d, later 10s, 11s, £1.

Soviet. Basic governing body of USSR. Legislative +executive functions from local to national.

Spaak, Paul. 1899-1972. Belgian Prime Minister. First President of UN General assembly. EEC, Benelux, NATO.

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