Rossini, Gioacchino. 1792-1868. Italian opera composer: Barber of Seville 1816. William Tell 1829.

Rostand, Edmond. 1868-1918. French Romantic dramatist: Cyrano de Bergerac 1897.

Roth, Philip. 1933-. US novelist Goodbye Columbus 1959. Portnoy’s Complaint 1969.

Rothko, Mark. 1903-70. Russian/US Abstract Expressionist painter. Large canvases of solid color. Light Earth and Blue 1954.

Rothschild, Meyer. 1744-1812. German banking family patriarch.

Rotten Boroughs. -1832. British rural constituencies with few voters due to urban migration. Reform Bill.

Roualt, Georges. 1871-1958. French Expressionist painter. Bold, vivid, flat colors like stained glass. The Old King 1937.

Rouget de Lisle. 1760-1836. French officer, wrote La Marseillaise 1792.

Rough Riders. 1898. US volunteer cavalry in Spanish American War under Roosevelt. Won San Juan hill.

Round Table. King Arthur and his knights.

Roundhead. Derisory term applied to Parliamentarians during English Civil War.

Rousseau, Henri. Le Douanier. 1844-1910. Allegorical Expressionist painter. The Dream. Sleeping Gypsy 1897. Hungry Lion 1905.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Roux, Jacques. -1794. Led Enragés.

Rowley, William. 1585-1642. English actor, playwright. All’s Lost by Lust 1619.

Roxana. -c311BC. Wife of Alexander the Great. Executed after his death.

Royal Academy of Arts. 1768. 40 members. Based on Hogarth’s Society of Independent Artists.

Royal Ballet. 1956. Academy of Choreographic Art 1926 + Sadler’s Wells 1930.

Royal Hospital. 1685. Chelsea building by Wren.

Royal Scots Guards. 1633. Oldest regular regiment in British Army.

Royal Society. 1660. English publisher of scientific Philosophical Transactions since 1665.

Royaume, Mother. Saved Geneva 1602 by pouring hot stew (and pot) on heads of Savoy soldiers.

Ruanda Urundi. Batwa. Bahuta. 14C Watusi. 1897 German East Africa. 1916 Belgium. 1923 League of Nations mandate 1962 Independent. Rwanda, Burundi.

Rubicon. Italian river crossed by Caesar to wage war vs Roman Senate 49BC.

Ruche, La. the Beehive. Montparnasse Avant-garde artist residence and studio, 1900-30. Chagall. Léger.

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