Pont-Aven. 1886-88. School of Synthesism led by Gauguin.

Pont d’Avignon. 12C-1680. Built after divine command to shepherd, St Bénézet.

Pont Neuf. 1578-1607. Oldest surviving Paris bridge.

Pont Notre-Dame. Originally the Great Bridge in Roman Paris. Rebuilt in 1413 by Normans. First numbered houses in Paris.

Ponte Vecchio. 1345. Florence. First segmented arch bridge in West.

Pontus. 3C-66BC. Asia Minor kingdom conquered by Rome.

Poor Law Commission. 1842. Chadwick recommends municipal clean water supply and sewage systems to prevent disease.

Pop Art. 1950-. Movement drawing from popular culture. Warhol. Lichtenstein.

Pope, Alexander. 1688-1744. English satirist, poet and philosopher: On Criticism 1711. Rape of the Lock 1712-4. Essay on Man 1732-4.

Popish Plot. 1678. Oates’ fictitious allegations of conspiracy led to persecution of Catholics.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Popular Fronts. 1930s. Political coalitions of opposing parties vs Fascists in France, Spain.

Popular Sovereignty. 1850s. US territories could join Union as free or slave states. Bleeding Kansas.

Populist Movement. 1890s. US agrarian reform coalition.

Porphyry. c233-305. Greek Neoplatonic philosopher. Adversus Christianos burned. Tree of Porphyry.

Porta, Gianbattista della. 1558 Telescope.

Porte, Sublime. Constantinople Ottoman government.

Porter, Edwin. 1869/70-1941. US filmmaker. First dramatic editing -Great Train Robbery 1903; First US documentary -The Life of an American Fireman 1903.

Portland, William Bentrick, Duke of. 1649-1709. Dutch/English statesman. Boyne. Treaty of Rijswijk.

Portsmouth, Treaty. 1905. Russia recognizes Japan in Korea, returning Manchuria to China.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Portuguese Guinea. Guinea-Bissau.

Poseidon. Greek god of the sea. = Neptune.

Poseidonius. c135-51BC. Greek Stoic philosopher. Explained tides 79BC.

Positivism. Knowledge based on senses alone. Personal knowledge. Natural laws lead to social engineering to secure a happy society. Comte. Mill. Spencer. Logical Positivism.

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