Marseillaise. French national anthem, by Rouget de Lisle, 1792. Named for volunteer militia who adopted song on march to Paris.

Marseilles. c600BC Greek colony. 49BC Rome.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marshall, George. 1880-1959. US general. Marshall Plan.

Marshall, James. 1810-85. Discovered gold 1848. California Gold Rush 1849.

Marshall, Thurgood. 1908-93. First black on US Supreme Court 1967-92.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

Marston Moor, Battle. 1644. English Civil War turning point. Cromwell defeats Rupert.

Marsyas. Mythical Phrygian artist. Challenged Apollo to musical contest.

Martel, Édouard. 1859-1938. Creator of speleology.

Martello Towers. 1804. Swiss designed defensive towers on English coast against Napoleon.

Martial, Marcus. c40-103. Roman epigrammatic poet.

Martin V. 1368-1431. Pope 1417-. Election ended Great Schism.

Marvell, Andrew. 1621-78. English satirical poet. To His Coy Mistress. Poems on Affairs of State 1689.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Marx Brothers. Groucho 1890-1977. Harpo 1888-1964. Chico 1886-1961. Zeppo 1901-79. Gummo 1893-1977. US film comedians. Animal Crackers 1928. Duck Soup 1933.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Mary. Virgin mother of Jesus. Free from Original Sin. Most important Roman Catholic saint.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mary II. 1662-94. Queen of England with William III, 1689-. Expelled her father, James II.

Mary Magdalene, St. Disciple, exorcised by Jesus. Saw him resurrected.

Mary of Burgundy. 1457-82. Duchess. Marriage to Maximilian I gave Netherlands to Hapsburgs.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Mary Tudor. 1496-1533. Daughter of Henry VII, married Louis XII of France.

Masaccio, Tomaso. 1401-28. Florentine fresco painter. Introduced Humanism-man vs God central theme, proportion, perspective. Baptism of Peasants 1427.

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