Lisbon, Treaty. 1668. Spain recognizes Portuguese sovereignty.

List, Friedrich. 1789-1846. German economist. Advocated protectionism. National System of Political Economy 1846.

Lister, Joseph. 1827-1912. English surgeon. Introduced carbolic acid for antiseptic surgery, 1865.

Liszt, Franz. 1811-86. Hungarian pianist, Romantic composer. Harmonic innovator.

Lithuania. 1238 Mindaugas unites. 1385 +Poland. 1569 Lublin Union under Poland. 1795 Prussia/ Russia. 1918 Independent. 1926 Smetona putsch. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Little Bighorn, Battle. 1876. Sitting Bull led Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer’s cavalry.

Little Entente. 1920-38. Economic, defensive alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia.

Little Masters. Engravers influenced by Durer. Behem.

Littré, Paul-Émile. 1801-81. French positivist philosopher. Dictionary of the French Language 1863-73.

Liturgical Movement. 19-20C Christian church modernization of liturgy.

Liutprand. Powerful Lombard King, 712-44. Law code.

Livia Drusilla. 58BC-29 AD. Influential wife of Augustus. Mother of Tiberius.

Livingstone, David. 1813-73. Scottish missionary, central Africa 1840-73. Discovered Victoria Falls, Zambesi River. Stanley.

Livius Andronicus. c284-204BC. Roman epic poet. Translated Greek plays, Odyssey.

Livonia. 9C Livs. 1237 Teutonic Knights. 1569 Lithuania/ Poland. 1660 Sweden. 1721 Russia. 1918 Estonia/ Latvia.

Livonian Knights. 1202-1561. German religious order to Christianize Baltic. Livonia.

Lloyd George, David. 1863-1945. British Liberal Prime Minister,1916-22. Unemployment insurance. Irish Free State. War cabinet, 1916.

Lloyd’s. English insurance society created in Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House 1688.

Lobachevsky, Nikolay. 1792-1856. Russian. Invented non-Euclidian geometry, 1826.

Locarno Pact. 1925. Non-aggression treaty in Europe. Germany, France, Belgium, et al. Broken when Hitler occupied Rhineland,1936.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Lockerbie Scotland. 1988 Terrorist bomb downs PanAm plane killing 270. Libya.

Lockyer, Joseph. 1836-1920. English. Discovered helium in sun 1868.

Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1850-1924. US isolationist senator, blocked US entry to League of Nations.

LogicalPositivism. 1920s. Philosophy. Only experimentally verifiable scientific truth counts. Vienna Circle. Wittgenstein.

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