Ishtar. Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of love, sex, and war. Earth Mother.

Isidore of Seville, St. 560-636. Spanish bishop, encyclopedist. Etymologiae. De Natura Rerum.

Isis. Egyptian deity of the moon, nature and fertility. Sister of Osiris.

Islam. =Muhammadism. 7C-. Monotheistic religion based on Koran. 1/6 of world’s population, especially north Africa, Middle East, SW Asia. Sunni. Shi’ite. Caliphate Empire.

Isolationism. 19C-1916. US foreign policy of noninvolvement in foreign affairs.

Israel. Palestine. 1948. Republic proclaimed, recognized by US, UN. Jerusalem.

Issus, Battle. 333BC. Alexander the Great defeats Persians under Darius III.

Isthmian Games. 582BC-393 AD. Corinthian athletic, musical competitions. Olympics.

Italo-Ethiopian War. 1935-6. Italy conquers Ethiopia. Demonstrated League of Nations ineffectiveness.

Italo-Turkish War. 1911-12. Italy gains Libya and Rhodes. 1911 First offensive use of airplane (vs Libya).

Italy. 1861 Kingdom. 1946 Republic. Rome. Cisalpine Republic. Florence. Lombardy. Sardinia. Sicily. Tuscany. Venice.

Ito Hirobumi. 1841-1909. Westernizing Japanese statesman. First Parliament 1890.

Iturbide, Augustin de. 1783-1824. Emperor of Mexico 1822-3. Led Mexican independence movement. Exiled.

Ivan III. The Great. 1440-1505. United Russia 1478. Ended Tartar domination.

Iyeyasu. 1542-1616. Unified Japan. First of Tokugawa dynasty.

Izanagi and Izanami. Japanese creation deities.

Jabir Ibn Hayyan. c721-815. Arab alchemist. Mercury+sulphur=gold. 2,000 works.

Jackson, A.Y. 1882-1974. Canadian landscape painter. Led Group of Seven.

Jackson, Andrew. 1767-1845. US President 1829-37. General 1812-18. Opposed tarrifs. Retired public debt 1835. Spoils system. Universal white male suffrage. Kitchen Cabinet. New Orleans.

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”. 1824-63. Mexican War and Confederacy general. Bull Run, Shenandoah, Antietam.

Jacob. Old Testament. 3rd patriarch of 12 tribes of Israel. Grandson of Abraham. Son of Isaac. God changed name to Israel.

Jacobean Architecture. 1600-1625. English Tudor style refined, restrained and harmonized. U and H plans. Jones.

Jacobins. 1789-94. Robespierre-led radical democratic French Revolutionary group. In power 1793-4. -“Holy League against the enemies of liberty”.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jacquard, Joseph. 1752-1834. French engineer: punched card loom for pattern weaving 1805.

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