Aasen, Ivar. 1813-96. Developed New Norwegian language, officially adopted, 1907.

Abbas, Ferhat. 1899-1995. First President of independent Algeria 1962-3.

Abbas II. 1874-1944. Last Egyptian khedive, 1892-. Opposed British. Deposed, 1914.

Abbasid. 750-1258. Second Empire of Caliphate dynasty. Overthrew Umayyads; destroyed by Mongols.

Abbeville Treaty. 1258. England returns Normandy to France.

ABC Powers. 1905. Argentina, Brazil, Chile.

Abd ar-Rahman. -732. Moslem Governor of Andalusia. Def, killed at Poitiers.

Abd ar-Rahman. c1779-1859. Sultan of Morocco/Fez, 1822. Fought French, 1844 in Algeria.

Abd ar-Rahman I. 731-788. Umayyad emir of Cordoba, 755-. Repelled Charlemagne.

Abd el-Kader. 1808-83. Arab emir who fought French 1840-46; founded Algerian state.

Abd el-Krim. 1882-1963. Fought France and Spain in Morocco. Founded Republic of Rif 1921-26.

Abel, Frederick. 1827-1902. English inventor of military explosive cordite with Dewar, 1889.

Abel, Rudolf. 1902-71. Russian spy traded for Powers.

Abélard, Pierre. 1079-c1144. French Conceptualist theologian of Notre-Dame. Advocated discussion vs dogma. Famed love of Héloïse. Accused of heresy 1121. Letters to Heloise 1103. Sic et Non 1132. Theologia.

Abercrombie, Patrick. 1879-1957. British architect: Greater London town plan, 1943.

Abolitionists. 1774-1868. US anti-slavery party. Merged into Republicans. Radical Republicans.

Abortion. Legalized 1968 Britain, 1969 Canada, 1973 USA, 1975 France. Roe v Wade.

Abraham. c2000BC. Old Testament father of Jewish, Arab peoples. Sarah. Hagar.Ishmael.

Absolutism. Government where one person/group has absolute power. 15-18C monarchies.

Abstract Art. 20C. Color, line and form without subject. Begun by Cezanne.

Abydos, Table. 14C BC List of Egyptian. kings. Discovered Temple of Seti,1817.

Abyssinian War. 1935-6. Italy invades Ethiopia. League of Nations ineffective.

Academia Palatina. 9C school founded by Charlemagne.

Académie Française. Assembly of 40 “immortals” founded 1635 by Richelieu to set literary standards, language.

Academy. c387BC-529. Greek school founded by Plato dedicated to exploration of science and philosophical truth. Closed by Justinian.

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