Kali. Hindu goddess of death and destruction.

Kaliningrad. 1946- On site of Königsberg, destroyed 1945. Russian enclave surrounded by Poland, Lithuania.

Kamikaze. 1281 “Divine Wind”. Typhoon that destroyed Mongol invasion of Japan. 1944- suicide pilots. Okinawa.

Kurds. Sunni Moslem Taurus, Zagros Mountain peoples of Kurdistan, central Asia. 1925 rebelled in Turkey. 1922,44,63 rebelled in Iraq. Persecuted in Turkey, Iraq, Iran. Saladin. Sevres Treaty.

League of Nations. 1920-46. Versailles. For everlasting peace. Idea of US, who did not join. Germany 1926-33. Maximum 63 nations. Failed 1931 when Japan attacked Manchuria. USSR expelled1939. Dissolved 1946. Mandates.

LeBrun, Charles. 1619-90. Painter. Head of Gobelins Tapestry Works, 1662-. Versailles decorator.

Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Luddites. 1811-16. Workers who destroyed machines to stop the Industrial Revolution. Led by mythical Ned Ludd.

Lurçat, Jean. 1892-1966. French painter, revived the art of tapestry. Apocalypse 1948.

Magdeburg. 1631. German republic destroyed by Tilly in Thirty Years War.

Mahmud II. 1785-1839. Ottoman sultan 1808-. Lost Greece, Syria. Destroyed Janissaries.

Maine. 1898. US battleship destroyed at Havana. Excuse for Spanish American War.

Medway, Battle. 1667. Dutch destroy British fleet. Breda Treaty.

Megalopolis. 370-222BC. Greek city destroyed by Spartan Cleomenes III.

Mestrovic, Ivan. 1883-1962. Croatian/US monumental sculptor. Belgrade mausoleum for unknown soldier.

Milan. c400BC Celtic. 222BC Rome. 539 Goths destroy. 12C Independent. 1277 Visconti. 1450 Sforzas. 1535 Spain. 1713 Austria. 1797 Napoleon. 1815 Austria. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Nagasaki. Japanese city destroyed by 2nd A-bomb, Aug 9, 1945.

Native Land Acts. 1862, 65-92. New Zealand abolishes tribal land ownership, destroying traditional Maori society.

Nebuchadnezzar II. c638-562BC. King of Babylon. 586 Destroyed Jerusalem and Temple. Babylonian Captivity. Built Hanging Gardens.

Northwest Rebellion. 1885. Saskachewan natives and Métis for land rights. Defeated. Riél.

Orestes. Electra’s brother. Killed mother and her lover to avenge death of his father, Agamemnon.

Orlando, Vittorio. 1860-1952. Italian Prime Minister 1917-19. Versailles negotiator.

Ortega y Gasset, José. 1883-1955. Spanish philosopher: Terra de Nuestra Tiempo 1923. Revolt of the Masses 1929.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Palestrina. 1525-94. Italian composer. Pioneer of chordal music. A capella choir 1585. Improperia 1560.

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