Frederick I. (Barbarossa). c1123-90. HRE 1155-. Crusades. Opposed papal authority.

Frederick I. 1657-1713. Creator and first king of Prussia, 1701.

Frederick II. 1194-1250. Holy Roman Emperor. 1220-. King of Sicily 1198-. King of Jerusalem 1229-. Patron of arts, education.

Frederick III. 1609-70. King of Norway and Denmark, 1648-. Lost much of territory to Sweden.

Frederick IV. 1671-1730. King of Norway and Denmark, 1699-. Abolished serfdom. Educational system.

Frederick VI. 1769-1839. King of Norway and Denmark, 1808-. Sided with Napoleon. Lost Norway to Sweden.

Frederick VII. 1808-63. Danish king 1848-. Formed Constitutional Monarchy.

Frederick IX. 1899-1972. Danish king 1947-. Imprisoned by Nazis, 43-45.

Fredrikshamn, Peace. 1809. Sweden cedes Finland to Russia.

French Wars. 1701-1815. Second Hundred Years War.

Fréron, Louis. 1754-1802. French Revolutionary. Conspired vs Robespierre.

Fugitive Slave Acts. 1793-1850. Required return of runaway slaves. American Civil War.

Gabrieli, Giovanni. c1557-1612. Nephew of A. Wrote sacred symphonies of voice and instrument.

Gaiseric. 390-477. Vandal and Alani King 428-. Conquered Roman Africa 429. Sacked Rome 455.

Galle, Johann. 1812-1910. German. Discovered Neptune 1846.

Galton, Francis. 1822-1911. English founder of Eugenics. Hereditary Genius 1869.

Gama, Vasco da. c1460-1524. Portuguese explorer who rounded Cape of Good Hope 1488. Captured Calicot, India, 1503.

Garibaldi, Giusseppe. 1807-82. Led “Red Shirts” in Italian Risorgimento. Captured Naples 1860.

Garnier, Franis. 1839-73. French sailor, conquered Tonkin.

Geneva Convention. 1864. Established humane treatment of war wounded. Sanctioned Red Cross. 1949. Agreements concerning wounded, prisoners, and civilians in war.

Geoffrey Plantagenet. 1113-51. Count of Anjou. Conquered Normandy for his son Henry II.

Georgian Architecture. 1714-1830. Palladian, 1720-60. Adam, 1760-1800. Regency, 1810-37. Often red brick with white trim.

Glasnost. Openness. Gorbachev’s policy to promote freedom of expression, reduce secrecy.

Grotefend, George. 1775-1853. German. Deciphered Cuneiform 1802. Behistun.

Guise, Francois, duc de. 1519-63. Massacred Huguenots at Vassy, 1562, starting War of Religion.

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