Crimean War. 1853-6. Russian attempt to get a Mediterranean port stopped by Turkey, England, France, Sardinia. Dispute over Holy places in Palestine.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cuba. Ciboney, Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1511 Spanish colony. 1517 Slaves brought. 1898 US. Spanish-American War. 1902 Republic. 1957-9 Castro Revolution, Communist dictatorship.

Cuchulain. Legendary powerful Irish warrior.

Czechoslovakia Intervention. 1968. Russian troops end Dubcek reform policies. Warsaw Pact maintains right to intervene anywhere Socialism is threatened.

Dares Phrygius. Trojan Priest. Wrote about Trojan Wars.

Dark Ages. c500-1000. Period of decline, frequent war. Little documentation survives.

Davout, Louis. 1770-1823. Napoleon’s general, Minister of War 1815.

Dayan, Moshe. 1915-81. Israeli general in Arab-Israeli Wars. Cabinet Minister 1967~79.

Declaration of Independence. July 4, 1776. American colonies declare independence from British rule during War of Independence.

Defenestration of Prague. 1419. Hussites eject aldermen. 1618. Protestants throw regents out window. Begins Thirty Years War.

DeGasperi, Alcide. 1881-1954. Italian Prime Minister 1945-53. Post-war reconstruction.

Delaroche, Paul. 1797-1859. French portrait and historical painter. Death of Queen Elizabeth. Children of Edward.

Denfert-Rochereau, Philippe. 1823-78. French Colonel in war of 1870.

Desert Storm. 1991. Gulf War.

Despard, Edward. 1751-1803. 1802 Plot to assassinate George III.

Despenser, Hugh le. 1261-1326 The Elder; -1326 The Younger. Advised/controlled Edward II. Executed by Mortimer and Isabella.

Détente. 1969-79. Relaxation of Cold War tensions between SALT and Afghanistan Invasion.

Devolution, War of. 1667-8. French fail to sieze Spanish Netherlands for Marie-Thérèse vs Charles II. Triple Alliance. Aix-la-Chapelle.

Dewar, James. 1842-1923. Scottish physicist: liquified helium1898, vacuum flask. Abel.

Dewey, George. 1837-1917. US admiral in Spanish-American War.

Diadochi, Wars of. 321-281BC. Partition of Empire among Alexander’s generals.

Diomedes. Greek leader in Trojan War.

Diplomatic Revolution. 1756. Reversal of alliances led to Seven Years War.

Dogger Bank Incident. 1904. Russians sink British North Sea fishing trawlers believing them to be Japanese torpedo boats. Compensation paid. Russo-Japanese War.

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