Mannerheim Line. Eastern Finnish fortification. Crossed by Russians 1940.

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz. 1927-. Polish Prime Minister 1989. First non-communist Prime Minister in Eastern Europe in 40 years.

Melchites. 451-. Middle Eastern Roman Catholic sect with rites in Arabic, affirming Christ’s dual human/divine nature.

Near Eastern Crisis. 1839-41. Eastern Crisis.

Nicaea, Council. 325. Debate of Athanasius and Arius resolved Nicene Creed, not Easter dates. 787. Temporarily resolved Iconoclasm.

Nicene Creed. 325. Tenets of Christian faith. Interpretation of Trinity, adding filioque led to East-West Schism. Nicaea.

Nordenskjöld, Erik. 1832-1901. Sweden. First successful navigation of North-East passage 1878-9.

Oriental Canon Law. 880. Ecclesiastical laws of Eastern Christian churches.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Paramountcy, Doctrine of. 19C. British East India Company claims right to intervene if any state is misgoverned.

Pearse, Patrick. 1879-1916. Irish patriot. Led Easter Rebellion 1916. Executed.

Pentecost. 50th day after Easter. Descent of Holy Spirit on Jesus’ disciples marks beginning of Christian mission.

Phoenicians. Canaanites. 30-4C BC. Eastern Mediterranean traders from England to Africa. 20C BC Tyre. 15C BC invented alphabet. 814BC Carthage.

Photius. c820-91. Patriarch of Constantinople 858~86. Began Great Schism controversy.

Polish Corridor. 1919-39. Baltic territory dividing east Prussia from Germany. Nazis invade 1939.

Qaddafi, Muammar. 1942-. Radical nationalist Libyan dictator 1969- after deposing Idris I. Nationalized oil industry 1973. Middle East terrorist supporter.

Regulating Act. 1773. To control East India Company’s administion of India.

Roman Catholic Church. 30-. Branch of Christianity recognizing Pope as successor to St Peter. East-West Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy. Protestantism.

Ruanda Urundi. Batwa. Bahuta. 14C Watusi. 1897 German East Africa. 1916 Belgium. 1923 League of Nations mandate 1962 Independent. Rwanda, Burundi.

Schism, Great. 1054 East-West Schism. 1378 Great Schism.

Slavs. Asian peoples. c2500BC migrated to eastern Europe. 5-6C to Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Balkans.

Stasi.1949-1990. East German secret police affiliated with KGB.

Steen, Jan. 1626-79. Dutch painter. Humourous, everyday scenes. Christening Feast 1664.

Stone Age. Period before use of metal tools. Date varies by region: Near east -c3500BC Paleolithic. Neolithic.

Styria. Celtic. 15BC Rome. 5C Germanic. 6C Slav. 8C Frankish. 9C German. 1056 Steyr. 1180 Duchy. 1192 Babenberg. 1276 Hapsburg. 1918 Austria. 1919 S: Yugoslavia.

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