Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

St-Germain, Comte de. 1707-84. Won favour of Europe’s courts with “elixir of long life”.

St-Germain, Treaty. 1570 French Wars of Religion. 1919 Created Republic of Austria.

St Médard Convulsionnaires. Believers in miraculous cures at St. Médard cemetery forbidden by Louis XV in 1732: “By Order of the King, Let God No Miracle Perform in this Place!”

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. 1815-1902. US suffrage leader. First woman’s rights convention 1848. Mott.

Stavisky Affair. 1933-4. French scandal. Fraudulent bonds sold. Belief in government corruption causes riots.

Stendhal. 1783-1842. French historical novelist of psychological insight. le Rouge et le Noir 1830.

Sterne, Laurence. 1713-68. English humourist novelist. Tristram Shandy 1759-67. Sentimental Journey 1768.

Stevenson, Robert Louis. 1850-94. Scottish adventure novelist. Treasure Island 1882. Jekyll and Hyde 1886. Kidnapped 1886.

Stoker, Bram. 1847-1912. Irish novelist. Dracula 1897.

Stonehenge. c18-14C BC. English megalithic monument with astronomical properties, religious purpose.

Suffragettes. Women seeking right to vote. Pankhurst. Anthony. Stanton. Suffrage.

Sully, duc de. 1560-1641. French Finance minister to Henry IV. Helped rebuild France after Wars of Religion.

Supremacy, Act of. 1534 Henry VIII establishes Church of England under monarch. 1554 Repealed by Mary I. 1559 Elizabeth I re-established Church of England. Oath required of all MPs.

Surprise Plot. 1603. To hold James I hostage for religious reform.

Svevo, Italo. 1861-1928. Italian psychological novelist. Confessions of Zeno 1923.

Sweelinck, Jan. 1562-1621. Dutch organ composer.

Syncretism. Amalgamation of conflicting religions.

Taoism. 6C BC Chinese philosophy. Lao-tzu wrote Tao-te-Ching. Natural course is through passivity, elimination of desire.

Teresa, St. 1515-82. Spanish Carmelite religious reformer.

Thackeray, William. 1811-1863. English novelist. Vanity Fair 1849. Sentimental and cynical moralist.

Theism. Belief in God’s existence by faith.

Thirty Years War. 1618-48. Protestant revolt vs Holy Roman Empire involving most European states. Peace of Westphalia. Spain, HRE lose influence; Denmark finished as power; France dominant; Sweden controls Baltic. Religious toleration. Use of muskets, canons developed.

Three-Anti Campaign. 1951-2. Chinese communists try to eliminate fraud, mismanagement, corruption after revolution.

Three Henrys War. 1585-89. French War of Religion. Henri de Guise fails to depose Henry III. Executed. Henry III murdered. Henry of Navarre takes throne.

51 more results ...