Proust, Marcel. 1871-1922. French novelist: Remembrance of Things Past 1914.

Psychophysical Parallelism. Mind and body run on synchronized clocks started by God, but do not interact. Guelinex.

Purge. 1936-8. Stalin’s trials to eliminate political rivals with fabricated charges. 3 million dead. Executions, forced labour, internal exile.

Quatre Bars, Battle. 1815. Preliminary to Waterloo. Napoleon defeats Prussians.

Quietism. 1696. Mystic religious movements. Passivity allows communication with God. Hinduism. Sufism. Molinos. Guyon. Fenelon. Soul in passive state is saved by divine spirit.

Rabin, Yitzhak. 1992-95. Israeli statesman. Military leader, Six Day War. PM 74-77, 92-95. Peace negotiater.

Radcliffe, Ann. 1764-1823. English Gothic novelist. Mysteries of Udolpho 1794.

Ramakrishna. 1836-86. Indian mystic. Founded universal religion.

Ramsay, William. 1852-1916. English chemist: discovered helium 1895; neon, krypton, xenon 1898.

Ramus, Petrus. 1515-72. French humanist, logician. Reforms of Aristotelian logic.

Ramuz, Charles. 1878-1947. Swiss novelist: Terror on the Mountain 1925. Beauty on Earth 1927. Soldier’s Tale.

Rand, Ayn. 1905-82. Russian/US Objectivist novelist. Fountainhead 1943. Atlas Shrugged 1957.

Raskolniki. Old Believers.

Red Cross. c1863. Dunant founds International relief organization. Geneva Convention 1864. 1881 US. Solferino.

Reform Bills. England. 1832: Russell redistributes Parliamentary seats, enfranchises renters. 1867: Disraeli enfranchises workers in towns. 1884: Gladstone enfranchises agricultural workers. Representation of People Acts.

Reformation. 16C religious movement against practices of Roman Catholic church led to founding of Protestant churches. Luther. Calvin. Knox. Zwingli. Henry VIII.

Religion, Wars of. 1562-1598. Eight French wars between Catholics and Protestants. Ended by Edict of Nantes. Sully. Mornay. Three Henrys War.

Renaissance Music. c16C. Freer, flexible polyphony; steady, predictable rhythm. Palestrina. Gabrieli. English madrigals.

Republic, Council of the. 1917. Russian provisional government. Eliminated by Bolsheviks.

Resurrection. Key Christian belief that Jesus rose from dead.

Rhodes. <1000BC Minoan. Dorian. 5C BC Delian League. 43BC Rome alliance. 653 Saracen. 1309 Knights of St John. 1522 Turks. 1912 Italy. 1947 Greece. c1C BC School of rhetoric.

Richardson, Dorothy. 1873-1957. English stream of consciousness novelist. Pilgrimage 1915-38.

Richardson, Samuel. 1689-1761. English novelist using personal letters. Influenced novel form: Pamela 1740 Clarissa 1747 (at 1M words, the longest English novel).

Richelieu, Cardinal. 1585-1642. French politician 1624-. Built power of Louis XIII.

Richler, Mordecai. 1931-2001. Canadian novelist of human dilemmas. Duddy Kravitz 1959.

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