Franciscans. 1209. Religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi. Missionary and educational work. Includes Capuchins, Conventuals, Observants, Zealots.

Freemasons. Secret fraternal organization based on guilds, chivalry, religious orders. 1717 London Grand Lodge.

Frelimo. 1964-74. Mozambique liberation movement vs Portugal.

Fry, Elizabeth. 1780-1845. English Quaker prison reformer.

Gabrieli, Andrea. c1510-86. Venetian church music composer. First to combine voice and instruments in concerto form.

Gabrieli, Giovanni. c1557-1612. Nephew of A. Wrote sacred symphonies of voice and instrument.

Gaelic. Celtic languages of Scotland and Ireland.

Galilee. N Israel. (Ancient N Palestine). Jesus’ homeland. Absorbed in Arab-Israeli War, 1949.

Galileo Galilei. 1564-1642. Italian physicist. Planetary motion. Thermometer 1592. Acceleration of falling bodies 1604. Astronomical telescope 1609. Sunspots 1610. Arrested for heliocentricity, 1632. Rehabilitated by Vatican 1992. Copernicus.

Gaskell, Elizabeth. 1810-65. Social novelist. Mary Barton 1848.

Geneva Conference. 1954. Ends French control of Indo-China. Khrushchev, Eisenhower, Eden, Faure.

Ghazan, Mahmud. 1271-1304. Mongol Persian ruler 1295-. Made Islam state religion.

Gideon. Biblical Israeli general vs Midianites.

Girardon, François. 1628-1715. French Baroque sculptor. Tomb of Richelieu 1675-7.

Gobelins Tapestry Works. 1440. Established by Jehan Gobelin. Colbert reorganized 1662. Louis XIV sumptuous style. Le Brun. Versailles interiors.

Golden Bull. 1356. Charles IV edict eliminating papal power in selection of Holy Roman Emperor.

Golding, William. 1911-93. English morality novelist. Lord of the Flies 1954.

Goncourt, Edmond. 1822-96. French novelist. Renée Mauperin. Created Goncourt literature prize.

Gordon Riots. 1780. NoPopery Riots led by Lord Gordon to demand Catholic Relief Act repeal.

Graham, Billy. 1918-. US evangelist.

Gravelines, Battle. 1558. Spanish defeat French.

Graves, Robert. 1895-1985. English poet and novelist. I, Claudius 1934.

Gray, Elisha 1835-1901. Dev telephone receiver 1874.

Great Awakening. 1720-60. US religious revival.

Greek Fire. 648. Byzantine secret weapon. Flammable substance that ignited on contact with water invented by Callinicus of Heliopolis.

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